Petroleum-derived oils

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. After extensive research into the biological activity of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, relatively few of the pure Inonderivativel compounds have been found worthy of commercial attention. Popular for use in orchard spraying are the petroleum derivative oil spray s, which possess a good combination of acaricidal and insecticidal activity wiih low phytoioxicity. These sprays are effective against San Jose scale and mite. 

ASTM D-2007. Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method. 

The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. (1994), report on Research on Feasibility of Utilization of Spent Vegetable Oils as Substitutes for Petroleum-Derived Oils, (in Japanese), pp. 114-118. 

Pyrolytic oils are acidic and may contain carcinogens. By analogy with heavy petroleum-derived oil fractions, the fuel oils produced by catalytic liquefaction may contain carcinogens. This suggests the need for special handling and storage precautions for the liquid fuels. 

After World War II, some of the German hydrogenation plants were converted to hydrogenate petroleum-derived oil residues, and were in use until the early 1960 s. These plants were the forerunners of the hydrocrackers. 

Triglyceride oils have declined since the 1980s and have been replaced by petroleum-derived products. However, as fossil fuels deplete the supply of petrochemicals, triglyceride-based oils are available as a renewable resource. 

Proof of the existence of benzene in the light oil derived from coal tar (8) first estabHshed coal tar and coal as chemical raw materials (see Eeedstocks, COAL chemicals). Soon thereafter the separation of coal-tar light oil into substantially pure fractions produced a number of the aromatic components now known to be present in significant quantities in petroleum-derived Hquid fuels. Indeed, these separation procedures were for the recovery of benzene—toluene—xylene (BTX) and related substances, ie, benzol or motor benzol, from coke-oven operations (8) (see BTX processing). 

The hquid remaining after the solvent has been recovered is a heavy residual fuel called solvent-refined coal, containing less than 0.8 wt % sulfur and 0.1 wt % ash. It melts at ca 177°C and has a heating value of ca 37 MJ/kg (16,000 Btu/lb), regardless of the quaUty of the coal feedstock. The activity of the solvent is apparently more important than the action of gaseous hydrogen ia this type of uncatalyzed hydrogenation. Research has been directed to the use of petroleum-derived aromatic oils as start-up solvents (118). 

Gas oil fractions (204—565°C) from coal Hquefaction show even greater differences in composition compared to petroleum-derived counterparts than do the naphtha fractions (128). The coal-gas oils consist mostly of aromatics (60%), polar heteroaromatics (25%), asphaltenes (8—15%), and saturated... 

Guide for the Safe Storage and Handling of Heated Petroleum-Derived Msphalt Products and Crude Oil Residue, PubUcation 2023, American Petroleum Institute, Washiagton, D.C., Mar. 1977. 

It is likely that the reliable crude oil supply will not diminish any time soon. Petroleum-derived fuels will remain the primary source of transportation energy for well into the twenty-first century. Producers and refiners have been, and will be, environmentally responsible. The existing infrastructure of advanced product distribution systems can compete with alternative fuels readily. Future fuels will be competitive, both economically and environmentally. New global market conditions will dictate closure of inefficient facilities and investment in new technology. Larger and more efficient operations will survive and will focus on the niche market. ... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Studies regarding cancer in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids were limited to a single case-control study that examined associations between subjectively reported occupational exposure to petroleum-derived liquids and cancer at particular sites among 3,726 male cancer patients (Siemiatycki et al. 1987a). The study found no convincing associations between occupational exposure to hydraulic fluids and cancer at any site. This study is discussed in more detail in Section 2.2.3.8, because, while inhalation exposure was probable for the subject occupations, the authors reported that the exposure route was more often dermal contact. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. The mechanism whereby mineral oil hydraulic fluids may enter the blood from the lungs, skin or gastrointestinal tract is not known. In general, mineral oils and other petroleum-derived materials are expected to be absorbed only to a limited extent by the lungs, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract (IARC 1984 Klein and Simon 1986), but data monitoring mineral oil hydraulic fluid components in the blood of animals or humans after exposure were not located. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No specific methods were located for interfering with the mechanism of action for toxic effects produced by mineral oil hydraulic fluids. Unstable alveoli and distal airways have been proposed as major factors in the respiratory symptoms that occur after the ingestion of other petroleum-derived materials. Continuous positive airway pressure or continuous negative chest wall pressure, as well as the application of supplemental oxygen, have been recommended to counteract the resultant pneumonitis (Eade et al. 1974 Klein and Simon 1986). 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluids are used extensively in virtually all heavy industries as well as in construction equipment, automobiles, tractors, trucks, and material handling equipment. Potentially exposed populations include workers in heavy and allied industries and the general population due to the use of hydraulic fluids in automobiles however, this profile does not focus on automotive fluids. The most common route of exposure is dermal contact with the neat fluid, although inhalation of oil mists and vapors may also occur. The components of mineral oil hydraulic fluids are present in many other petroleum-derived products including lubricating oils, so exposure to the major components of mineral oil hydraulic fluids is not limited to hydraulic fluid exposures. 

Human activities have resulted in exposure of Antarctic fishes to petroleum-derived PAHs (McDonald et al. 1992). Fish captured near Palmer station on the Antarctic peninsula had induced EROD activities and elevated concentrations of biliary PAH metabolites of phenanthrene and naphthalene when compared to conspecifics from reference sites (McDonald et al. 1995). Artificial reefs consisting of oil and coal flyash stabilized with cement and lime in Florida waters near Vero Beach contained elevated PAH levels ranging from as high as 1.2 mg fluoranthene/kg and 0.25 mg naphthalene/kg. But there is negligible leaching because seawater is not an effective medium for removing PAHs from reef bricks or the ash (Frease and Windsor 1991). 

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