Artificial reefs

Deep water disposal Toppling on site Artificial reef... 

Tension leg and floating platforms can easily be released and towed away for service elsewhere, which is cheap and attractive. In the case of the fixed platforms, the topside modules are removed by lift barge and taken to shore for disposal. Gravity based structures can in theory be deballasted and floated away to be re-employed or sunk in the deep ocean, and steel jackets cut and removed at an agreed depth below sea level. In some areas jackets are cleaned and placed as artificial reefs on the seabed. The... 

The civil engineering market for scrap tires encompasses several distinct uses. Whole tires have been used to constmct retaining walls and crash barriers. One pubhcized use is the constmction of houses and at least one motel (7). Whole tires have been used in erosion control, and to constmct breakwaters and artificial reefs. 

Human activities have resulted in exposure of Antarctic fishes to petroleum-derived PAHs (McDonald et al. 1992). Fish captured near Palmer station on the Antarctic peninsula had induced EROD activities and elevated concentrations of biliary PAH metabolites of phenanthrene and naphthalene when compared to conspecifics from reference sites (McDonald et al. 1995). Artificial reefs consisting of oil and coal flyash stabilized with cement and lime in Florida waters near Vero Beach contained elevated PAH levels ranging from as high as 1.2 mg fluoranthene/kg and 0.25 mg naphthalene/kg. But there is negligible leaching because seawater is not an effective medium for removing PAHs from reef bricks or the ash (Frease and Windsor 1991). 

ARTIFICIAL REEF COMPONENTS (mg/kg FW) Bricks made from oil ash vs. bricks made of flyash ... 

Frease, R.A. and J.G. Windsor, Jr. 1991. Behaviour of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with stabilized oil and coal ash artificial reef. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 22 15-19. 

Poz-O-Tec A flue-gas desulfurization process which produces a fibrous form of gypsum, convenient for disposal. In a demonstration project, an artificial reef was built from the product in the Atlantic Ocean near Fire Island, New York. Developed by IU Conversion Systems, Philadelphia, PA. 

Hartwell, S.I., Jordahl, D.M., Dawson, C.E.O. and Ives, A.S. (1998) Toxicity of scrap tire leachates in estuarine salinities Are tires Acceptable for Artificial Reefs Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127, 796-806. 

Other uses of tires are sometimes feasible for specialized geographic conditions. Cape May County, New Jersey uses 100,000 tires per year, which is 100 percent of its scrap tires, for artificial reefs. The State of Minnesota has used about a million of its tires since 1986 for roads in swampy areas. 

Whole waste tires can be used for artificial reefs, breakwaters, erosion control, playground equipment, and highway crash barriers. 

The largest operations of building artificial reefs from scrap tires are occurring in Cape May and Ocean Counties, New Jersey. These two counties consume about... 

While artificial reefs do not hold the potential to solve the scrap tire problem, they do have the potential to consume more than they consume now. Currently there are an estimated 120,000 to 150,000 tires used annually in constructing reefs. The goal of Cape May and Ocean Counties is to construct reefs with about 200,000 tires annually. Currently they are doing about 60 percent of this. One estimate of national potential is between one and 1.5 million tires used yearly (16). This is much higher than current levels because only two counties are actively constructing... 

Much of the northwest coast has rough water and Oregon has even banned artificial reefs from their sea waters (17). Cape May and Ocean Counties do not foresee an end to their activities as long as the state fish and wildlife agency continues to provide sites to place the reefs. 

Artificial reefs and breakwaters Playground equipment Erosion control Highway crash barriers... 

Tsuda, R. T. and Kami, H. T., Algal succession on artificial reefs in a marine lagoon environment in Guam, J. Phycol., 9, 260, 1973. 

Artificial Reef Evaluation with Application to Natural Marine Habitats, William Seaman, Jr. 

Simoni, R, et al.. Further investigation on blooms of Ostreopsis ovata, Coolia monotis, Prorocentrum lima on the macroalgae of artificial reefs in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Harmful Algae News, 26, 5, 2004. 

Human activities have resulted in exposure of Antarctic fishes to petroleum-derived PAHs. Fish captured near Palmer station on the Antarctic peninsula had induced EROD activities and elevated concentrations of hihary PAH metabohtes of phenanthrene and naphthalene when compared to conspecifics from reference sites. Artificial reefs consisting of... 

Scrap tires have been employed in the large-scale construction of reefs and fish attractors in marine environments and to less extent in freshwater (canals) and have been recognized as a durable, inexpensive and long-lasting material, which benefits fishery communities [21]. As an alternative use, the creation of artificial reefs using scrap tires has been actively and successfully pursued in the State of New Jersey, Southwestern United States, and the South Australia to produce artificial habitats for marine fish and invertebrates [22,23]. There are two types of reefs sinking and floating. 

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