Hydrogen germanate

Gryaznov, V. M. 1970. Simultaneous contacting of catalytic processes which are associated with the generation and adsorption of hydrogen. German Patent Appl. 1,925,439. 

Foxboro, Co. Carrier gas mixture for the katharometric chromatography of gas mixtures containing hydrogen. German Patent 1.223.176 (1966). — Chem. Abstr. 65,11349(1966). 

Ethylene. During Wodd War 11 the Germans manufactured more than 60,000 t/yr of ethylene [74-85-1], by hydrogenation of acetylene,... 

The original German process used either carbonyl iron or electrolytic iron as hydrogenation catalyst (113). The fixed-bed reactor was maintained at 50—100°C and 20.26 MPa (200 atm) of hydrogen pressure, giving a product containing substantial amounts of both butynediol and butanediol. Newer, more selective processes use more active catalysts at lower pressures. In particular, supported palladium, alone (49) or with promoters (114,115), has been found useful. 

Tars can be hydrogenated to produce Hquid fuels. High hydrogen and low asphaltene, ie, benzene-soluble and pentane-iasoluble, contents are desirable. The central German brown coals are attractive for this reason. The tars from the eastern part of Germany require much lower pressures and less hydrogen per unit of product than do brown coals near Cologne, which can require pressures up to 71 MPa (700 atm) (see Petroleum). 

During World War II German scientists developed a method of hydrogenating soHd fuels to remove the sulfur by using a cobalt catalyst (see Coal CONVERSION processes). Subsequently, various American oil refining companies used the process in the hydrocracking of cmde fuels (see CATALYSIS SuLFUR REMOVAL AND RECOVERY). Cobalt catalysts are also used in the Fisher-Tropsch method of synthesizing Hquid fuels (21—23) (see Fuels, synthetic). 

A German process produces a high (99%) sodium cyanide assay by absorbing the gases from a BMA-type hydrogen cyanide reactor direcdy in sodium hydroxide solution (56). The resulting sodium cyanide solution is heated in a crystallizer to remove water, and form sodium cyanide crystals. 

The non-ferrous alloys include the misleadingly named nickel silver (or German silver) which contains 10-30% Ni, 55-65% Cu and the rest Zn when electroplated with silver (electroplated nickel silver) it is familiar as EPNS tableware. Monel (68% Ni, 32% Cu, traces of Mn and Fe) is used in apparatus for handling corrosive materials such as F2 cupro-nickels (up to 80% Cu) are used for silver coinage Nichrome (60% Ni, 40% Cr), which has a very small temperature coefficient of electrical resistance, and Invar, which has a very small coefficient of expansion are other well-known Ni alloys. Electroplated nickel is an ideal undercoat for electroplated chromium, and smaller amounts of nickel are used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils and in storage batteries such as the Ni/Fe batteries. 

Inorganic Nomenclature. Compounds may be named in German merely by compounding the names of the elements as, Jodkalium (potassium iodide), SHiziumfiuorwasserstoff (hydrogen silicofluoride, fluosihcic acid). Words formed from the names of two elements are usually to be translated by giving the -ide ending to the first part (Jodkalium, potassium iodide). 

Microwave studies of equilibrium orientations of methyl groups show that the forces act like repulsions, i.e., the hydrogens are staggered with respect to the atoms at the other end, at least in ethyl chloride, methyl silane, methyl fluorosilane, and methyl germane. Where there are only two attached atoms at one end, one connected by a single, the other by a double bond, as in acetaldehyde, propylene, acetyl fluoride and chloride, one of the methyl hydrogens is opposite the double bond, i.e., eclipsed. 

The reaction of tetramethylsilane with fluorine led to the isolation of several, partially fluorine-substituted tetramethylsilanes (see Tables VII-IX), and preservation of over 80% of the silicon-carbon bonds in the initial, tetramethylsilane reactant. The stability of many of the partially fluorinated germanes and silanes (some are stable to over 100°C) is very surprising, for the possibility of elimination of hydrogen fluoride is obvious. Indeed, before the first reported synthesis (12) of... 

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