Petroleum, as solvent

Under these conditions, using light petroleum as solvent, the above formula reduces approximately to —... 

Petroleums or petrols are used as solvents and are usually supplied as fractions boiling over the following ranges 40-60 , 60-80 , 8o-too , 100-120 . 

Alkvl Azides from Alkyl Bromides and Sodium Azide General procedure for the synthesis of alkyl azides. In a typical experiment, benzyl bromide (360 mg, 2.1 mmol) in petroleum ether (3 mL) and sodium azide (180 mg, 2.76 mmol) in water (3 mL) are admixed in a round-bottomed flask. To this stirred solution, pillared clay (100 mg) is added and the reaction mixture is refluxed with constant stirring at 90-100 C until all the starting material is consumed, as obsen/ed by thin layer chromatographv using pure hexane as solvent. The reaction is quenched with water and the product extracted into ether. The ether extracts are washed with water and the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate. The removal of solvent under reduced pressure affords the pure alkyl azides as confirmed by the spectral analysis. ... 

Anhydrous Acetic Acid. In the manufacture of acetic acid by direct oxidation of a petroleum-based feedstock, solvent extraction has been used to separate acetic acid [64-19-7] from the aqueous reaction Hquor containing significant quantities of formic and propionic acids. Isoamyl acetate [123-92-2] is used as solvent to extract nearly all the acetic acid, and some water, from the aqueous feed (236). The extract is then dehydrated by azeotropic distillation using isoamyl acetate as water entrainer (see DISTILLATION, AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE). It is claimed that the extraction step in this process affords substantial savings in plant capital investment and operating cost (see Acetic acid and derivatives). A detailed description of various extraction processes is available (237). 

A number of other words that have traditionally been used in the petroleum industry are difficult to define precisely. These refer pardy to specific hoiling ranges, but also to certain intended uses. Thus, gasoline boils lower than naphtha, and kerosenes generally higher, but these terms are applied to products that ate intended as fuels, rather than as solvents. 

Reagents, such as tri alkyl aluminums (90) and sodium benzophenone (109), are quite useful as reducing agents. Alkyl aluminums have been used to synthesize Cr(CO), Mo(CO), and W(CO) in high yields (90). In one case, hydrogen was used effectively as a reducing agent in petroleum ether solvent (110,111). 

Regulates the use, transport or storage of petroleum spirit and - as extended by other legislation - mixtures, e.g. adhesives, thmners or lacquers containing petroleum, and non-petroleum based solvents with a flash point <73°F. 

Chemical and Other Specialty Manufacture A wide variety of products may be derived from petroleum feed stocks, including such diverse materials as alcohols, butyl rubber, sulfur, additives, and resins. Other specialties such as solvent naphthas, white oils, Isopars, Varsol, may also be produced. As indicated previously the respective chemical affiliate usually has responsibility for products broadly classified as petrochemicals. 

General name for mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum, coal tar or shale, used as solvents for unvulcanised rubber. 

Used as processing additives at 5-10 phr and as a rubber extender and softener at > 10 phr. Petroleum Rubber Solvent... 

Organic solvents are used to make the rubber dough. Natural rubbers are soluble in rubber solvent (a specific petroleum fraction) or naphtha. Nitrile and polychloroprene compounds require aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons as solvents. Often mixtures of solvents are used. 

Continuous treatment stream received 0.22 pg chlorpyrifos/L for days 1 to 41, and 1.0 pg/L from days 41-100. Intermittent treatment stream received dosage 14 times higher than continuous treatment stream, but dosage was confined to 24 h every 14 days. Chlorpyrifos administered as emulsifiable concentrate in petroleum derivative solvent Single dose of 0.5,5, or 20 pg/L observed for 30 days... 

Lacey, J.V., et al., Petroleum distillate solvents as risk factors for undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), Am. J. Epidemiol., 149, 761, 1999. 

Pure -hexane is used in laboratories. Most of the -hexane used in industry is mixed with similar chemicals in products known as solvents. Common names for some of these solvents are commercial hexane, mixed hexanes, petroleum ether, and petroleum naphtha. An older... 

Petroleum products have a vast array of uses. In approximate order of importance the uses are as fuels for vehicles and industry, as heating oils, as lubricants, as raw materials in manufacturing petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, and as solvents. By a wide margin, most products derived from petroleum find use as fossil fuels to run vehicles, to produce electricity, and to heat homes and business. About 65% of the petroleum used as fuel is consumed as gasoline in automobiles. Thus, petroleum products are ubiquitous in the modem environment, which leads to contamination problems for both the environment and in sampling activities. 

The petroleum ether solvents are a specific-boiling-range naphtha, as is ligroin. Thus, the term petroleum solvent describes a special liquid hydrocarbon fraction obtained from naphtha and used in industrial processes and formulations (Weissermel and Arpe, 1978). These fractions are also referred to as industrial naphtha. Other solvents include white spirit, which is subdivided into industrial spirit [distilling between 30 and 200°C (86 to 392°F)] and white spirit [light oil with a distillation range of 135 to 200°C (275 to 392°F)]. The special value of naphtha as a solvent lies in its stability and purity. 

One of the most important reactions for the laboratory synthesis of primary aliphatic nitro compounds was discovered by V. Meyer and O. Stiiber in 1872 and involves treating alkyl halides with a suspension of silver nitrite in anhydrous diethyl ether. Benzene, hexane and petroleum ether have also been used as solvents for these reactions which are usually conducted between 0 °C and room temperature in the absence of light. 

Fuel oils are petroleum products that are used in many types of engines, lamps, heaters, furnaces, stoves, and as solvents. Fuel oils come from crude petroleum and are refined to meet specifications for each use. Fuel oils are mixtures of aliphatic (open chain and cyclic compounds that are similar to open chain compounds) and aromatic (benzene and compounds similar to benzene) petroleum hydrocarbons. In addition, they may contain small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements as additives. The exact chemical composition (i.e., precise percentage of each constituent) of each of the fuel oils discussed in this profile may vary... 

The IT Corporation (IT) slurry-phase bioremediation technology is applicable to biodegradable compounds such as solvents, petroleum products, certain chemical manufacturing wastes, and... 

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