Petroleum Feeds

The deep HDS of a diesel fraction over the NiMo/AC and NiMo/Al203 catalysts was carried out at 5 MPa of For the former catalyst, the limit of 10 ppm of sulfur in products was attained at 510 K. On the other hand, for the NiMo/Al203 catalyst, this limit was not reached in spite of the higher temperature employed e.g., 523 K). The rate constant for HDS over the NiMo/AC catalyst was about four times greater than that over the NiMo/Al203 catalyst. 

The comparison of the NiMo/Al203 catalyst with the NiMo/AC catalysts (Table 26) using the AR obtained from the Middle East crude was made by 

Nakamura et used several samples of AC as the supports for catalysts containing a single metal such as Ni, Mo and Fe each. The activity of the catalysts was tested in an autoclave at 708 K and 7.5 MPa using the Kuwait AR. The addition of metals to the AC supports enhanced the conversion to distillates and decreased coke formation. Activated carbons alone exhibited some activity. However, they gave higher yields of gaseous products than the AC-supported active-metal-containing catalysts. 

Boorman et used the gas oil spiked with Q to compare the CoMo/ 

AI2O3 and NiMo/Al203 catalysts with the corresponding AC-supported catalysts. The HDN activity of the latter catalysts was superior compared with that of the alumina-supported catalysts. Because of the diminished interaction of N-bases with AC support, the coke deposition and catalyst deactivation associated with it were much less evident on the carbon-supported catalysts. The HDS activity was similar for both AC-supported and alumina-supported catalysts. In a similar study, Hubaut et compared the FeMo catalyst supported on AC with that supported on 7-AI2O3. The experiments were conducted in a continuous system at 623 K and 7 MPa using a heavy VGO as the feed. Among several catalysts prepared by different methods, the 

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Acyclic C5. The C5 petroleum feed stream consists mainly of isoprene which is used to produce rubber. In a separate stream the linear C5 diolefin, piperylene (trans and cis), is isolated. Piperylene is the primary monomer in what are commonly termed simply C5 resins. Small amounts of other monomers such as isoprene and methyl-2-butene are also present. The latter serves as a chain terminator added to control molecular weight. Polymerization is cationic using Friedel-Crafts chemistry. Because most of the monomers are diolefins, residual backbone unsaturation is present, which can lead to some crosslinking and cyclization. Primarily, however, these are linear acyclic materials. Acyclic C5 resins are sometimes referred to as synthetic polyterpenes , because of their similar polarity. However, the cyclic structures within polyterpenes provide them with better solvency power and thus a broader range of compatibility than acyclic C5s. 

Chemical and Other Specialty Manufacture A wide variety of products may be derived from petroleum feed stocks, including such diverse materials as alcohols, butyl rubber, sulfur, additives, and resins. Other specialties such as solvent naphthas, white oils, Isopars, Varsol, may also be produced. As indicated previously the respective chemical affiliate usually has responsibility for products broadly classified as petrochemicals. 

The only cationic surfactant (Fig. 23) found in any quantity in the environment is ditallow dimethylammonium chloride (DTDMAC), which is mainly the quaternary ammonium salt distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DSDMAC). The organic chemistry and characterization of cationic surfactants has been reported and reviewed [330 - 332 ]. The different types of cationic surfactants are fatty acid amides [333], amidoamine [334], imidazoline [335], petroleum feed stock derived surfactants [336], nitrile-derived surfactants [337], aromatic and cyclic surfactants [338], non-nitrogen containing compounds [339], polymeric cationic surfactants [340], and amine oxides [341]. 

Furimsky, E. (2007) Catalysts for upgrading heavy petroleum feeds. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., vol. 169, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1-290. 

Heteroatom removal from petroleum feeds is important for improving their processability and for eventual production of clean environmentally friendly fuels. 

In little more than half of the 25 years covered by this symposium, catalytic cracking has been developed from its first acceptance to a major industrial process. It has served to increase the amount and octane rating of gasoline and the amounts of valuable C3 and C gas components obtainable from petroleum feed stocks over those from thermal cracking alone. It is therefore of interest to seek an explanation of the nature of the products obtained in catalytic cracking in terms of the hydrocarbon and catalyst chemistry which has been developed within the past 25 years. 

A competing process produces vinyl chloride from acetylene, which also can be derived from petroleum feed stocks but is usually made from calcium carbide. It has been estimated (17) that 45% of current production of vinyl chloride is from ethylene, the remainder from acetylene. 

Despite the fact that formaldehyde is the minor ingredient in the production of these resins and that only part of the formaldehyde is presently derived from petroleum sources, the production of formaldehyde from petroleum feed stocks is already an industrial process of considerable volume and one that promises to be of increasing future interest to the petroleum industry. 

In view of the many studies that have been made to develop practical methods of producing acetylene from natural gas hydrocarbons, it is significant that several concerns are reported 17) to have plans actively under way or under study for initiating the large scale commercial production of acetylene from petroleum feed stocks, some of which is to be used directly for the production of acrylonitrile. 

Propylene is the major olefin obtained during isobutane pyrolysis however, there is no known industrial unit that uses it as the feedstock. Propylene yields are often in the 12-16% range when propane, heavier normal paraffins, napthas, gas oils, and heavier petroleum feeds are pyrolyzed. 

Petroleum may be included in the process fluids of the calculations. Mixtures of petroleum and hydrocarbons, or petro leum fractions alone, with no light hydrocarbons, may constitute the system. For such mixtures the petroleum feed stock must be divided or broken down into small cut-s, or "components," and physical properties of these "components" estimated for use in the subsequent calculations. Petroleum breakdowns can be made... 

The effect of the feed on the amount and type of coke deposited on the catalyst has been widely reported and reviewed see, for example, Ref. [1 ]. The seminal work of Voge et al. [2] related coke formation to the aromatic and polynuclear aromatic content of the petroleum feed. Later detailed work by Appleby et al. [3] showed that coke formation is more pronounced in condensed-ring aromatics than in linked-ring aromatics. 

Poison in the Feed. Many petroleum feed stocks contain trace impurities such as sulfur, lead, and other components which are too costly to remove, yet poison the catalyst slowly over time. For the case of an impurity, P, in the feed-stream, such as sulfur, for example, in the reaction sequence... 

Besides other synthetic purposes, it finds use in the removal of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen from petroleum feed stocks by catalytically promoted reactions ... 

From the application point of view, there are many reasons to favour the development of the IL chemistry and many reasons for considering new non-imidazolium" and "non-pyndimum ILs. Although these salts have positive properties, imidazole, pyridine and halogenoalkanes come from petroleum feed-stocks that are neither green nor sustainable. 

A.R. Pradhan, N. Viswanadham, M.L. Sharma, N. Ray, and T.S.R. Prasada Rao, Process for the production of LPG and high octane aromatic hydrocarbons from non economically viable petroleum feed stocks over a Zn-Al silicate molecular sieve catalyst , Indian Patent Application 871/DEL/94. 

Much of thermodynamics concerns the causes and consequences of changing the state of a system. For example, you may be confronted with a polymerization process that converts esters to polyesters for the textile industry, or you may need a process that removes heat from a chemical reactor to control the reaction temperature and thereby control the rate of reaction. You may need a process that pressurizes a petroleum feed to a flash distillation unit, or you may need a process that recycles plastic bottles into garbage bags. In these and a multitude of other such situations, a system is to be subjected to a process that converts an initial state into some final state. 

Cellulose is not plastic in its native form, but is converted into plastic through various approaches. However, to use cellulose as a polymeric material, it is often necessary to extract it from various plants. Cellulose from trees and plants is a substitute for petroleum feed stocks to make cellulosic plastics. 

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