Patents defined

Governments, however, take no responsibility or action to ensure that businesses fostered by patents break even or make money. Patents do not bestow on their inventors or assignees any right to practice then-own inventions—only to exclude others from doing so. Furthermore, the grant of a patent does not imply that the patent is valid findings of validity are the province of a special court, not of the examiners who allow claims. 

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Several points emerge from the analysis in Appendices G and H comparing these patents to the class of patents defined as listable by the statute. The large majority of patents creating an additional 30-month stay raise some kind of listing issue. It is important to note that this patent analysis applies not only to late-issued patents, but also potentially to patents listed prior to the filing of ANDA. The patents generating the... 

The closest information over which individuals associated with the filing or prosecution of a patent application believe any pending claim patentably defines, to make sure that any material contained therein is disclosed to the Office. 

The claims in a patent define the scope of the invention and therefore set the parameters for the right to exclude others from making, using or selling in the United States or importing into the United States.1 Every nonprovisional patent application must... 

The second patent defines drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, fracture, lumbago, and rheumatic arthritis. These drugs contain compounds such as ceramides, sphingomyelins, sphingoglycolipids and... 

Today, fragment coding is still quite important in patent databases (sec Chapter 5, Section 5.11, e.g., Dei went) where Markush structures are also stored. There, the fragments can be applied to substructure or othei types of searches where the fragments arc defined, c.g., on the basis of chemical properties. 

Patent databases are therefore integrated databases because facts, text, tables, graphics, and structures are combined. In patents that include chemical aspects (mostly synthesis or processing), the chemical compounds are often represented by Markush structures (see Chapter 2, Section 2.7.1). These generic structures cover many compound families in a very compact maimer. A Markush structure has a core structure diagram with specific atoms and with variable parts (R-groups), which are defined in a text caption. The retrieval of chemical compounds from Markush structures is a complicated task that is not yet solved completely satisfactorily. 

A fundamental requirement for obtaining a patent is defining an advance, development, or invention which is within those classes of "subject matter" which the law of the United States regards as patentable. Two classes of patentable subject matter, ie, computer software and biotechnology, are the subject of relatively new and evolving law. However, other types of subject matter rest on fairly certain ground as to patentabiUty. Examples of patents directed to various types of subject matter are described in the following. 

An inventor may estabHsh utiHty by providing several working examples which disclose preparation, appHcation, and even some or all of the benefits of the invention. UtiHty may also be substantiated by merely disclosing several appHcations for the invention. One method of determining the breadth or scope of an invention is to define the invention by only those elements essential to performing the intended task. This definition should then become the broadest cl aim of the patent appHcation. 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

Under U.S. law, the inventor is defined as the owner of the patent unless the patent rights have been assigned to his or her employer, or some other individual or organization. Designations of assignment are typically filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (U.S. PTO) prior to the issuance of patents, and the name of the assignee is printed on the patent. In most countries outside of the United States, the patentee is the employer, rather than the employed inventor. 

The bulk of the patent specification is the disclosure, the text and illustrations that describe the claimed invention in detail and explain how the claimed invention differs from the prior art. Modem patent disclosures contain a summary of the claimed invention, a description of the background of the invention, a general description of the way in which the invention is made and used, specific examples, and, where appHcable, drawings of the invention in general or specific embodiments. The technical information provided in a patent specification may be used without infringing the patent only practicing the invention defined in the claims within the term and territory of the patent grant is forbidden. Because much of the information in patent specifications is never pubHshed in refereed journals or other nonpatent media, patent disclosures are an invaluable part of the technical Hterature. 

Patent documents differ from journal Hterature in several ways. First of all, they are legal documents whose disclosures support one or more claims that define an area of property rights. The language in patent documents can therefore be quite convoluted "patentese" as the appHcant strives to achieve the broadest possible scope of coverage. Examples provided in patents may never have happened. Based on the appHcant s understanding of the technical... 

A distinct difference between examiners citations on granted U.S. patents and those on pubHshed patent appHcations is that the latter can indeed represent direct anticipation. Thus they represent a close subject relationship to the document in question. An important factor in the citations on EPO and PCT appHcations is that they are categorized by the examiner with regard to their relevance documents of particular relevance in themselves, documents of particular relevance in combination with some other document(s), and documents defining the general state of the art but of no particular relevance in themselves. Clearly not aH citations have the same value. 

Bismaleimides are best defined as low molecular weight, at least diftinctional monomers or prepolymers, or mixtures thereof, that carry maleimide terminations (Eig. 3). Such maleimide end groups can undergo homopolymerization and a wide range of copolymerizations to form a highly cross-linked network. These cure reactions can be effected by the appHcation of heat and, if required, ia the presence of a suitable catalyst. The first patent for cross-linked resias obtained through the homopolymerization or copolymerization of BMI was granted to Rhc ne Poulenc, Erance, ia 1968 (13). Shordy after, a series of patents was issued on poly(amino bismaleimides) (14), which are synthesized from bismaleimide and aromatic diamines. 

Defines the bonding patent in each resonance structure. 

This section deals with the many POSS species that are not simple derivatives of the main compounds described in the sections above. For clarity, these compounds have been divided and listed in tables depending on the structure of the pendant arm. As there are a very large number of compounds of this type and many publications describing applications and properties of these compounds, the discussion has had to be limited to the most important ones. Some of these compounds have been reported only in patent literature and the synthetic and characterization data are included only if specifically described in the patent. This section also describes compounds in which not all eight pendant groups are the same. Many such compounds have been prepared but they are usually formed in complicated mixtures and are often not isolated as pure compounds. This highlights one of the problems in the synthesis of POSS derivatives, that is, the efficient synthesis of compounds in which several different pendant groups are present in well-defined positions. This is an area still in relative infancy but it will be seen below that there are useful syntheses available, especially for TsRyR compounds. 

Fig. 3—Measurement of surface by HDI surface reflectance analyzer. In electromagnetic radiation (light), the polarization direction is defined as the direction of the electric field vector. The incident polarization of the light can be controlled. The instrument uses a variety of detectors to analyze the reflected polarization state of the light. (U.S. Patent 6,134,011). (a) Plane of the disk The SRA uses a fixed 60 degree (from the surface normal) angle of incidence. The plane of incidence is the same as the paper plane (b) Pit on a surface detected by reflected light channels of HDI instrument (c) Scratches on disk surface measured by HDI surface reflectance analyzer (d) Particles on the surface of disk detected by reflected light (black spot) and by scattered light (white spot) [8].

To maximize safety and therapeutic efficacy, potential drugs are required to be highly specific for their protein target and orally bioavailable. In addition, for a drug candidate to reach the market, it must be patentably novel. A computational approach therefore needs to find novel compounds with well-defined pharmacological properties from the vast space of possible organic compounds ( chemical space ). 

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