Parameter classification

The parameter classification after Klug is determined by six stability classes (with the German abbreviation AK for Ausbreitungsklasse), reaching from extreme stable (AK I) to extreme labile TAK V). In the Turner stability scheme AK 5 denotes extreme stable, AK 2 extreme labile, see table 2. An estimate of the stability can be made from synoptical observations of solar radiation, cloud cover and wind velocity /14/. With the parameters after Klug equation (3.4) becomes... 

General entries concerning statistical indices, regression parameters, classification parameters, similarity/diversity were completely rewritten trying to give an exhaustive view of the functions used to characterize data, modeling, and similarity/ diversity analysis. For example, more than 50 distance and similarity functions have been reported. 

Therefore, part of the description of each model element (Base Event and Barrier) is its three parameter classification vector x,y,z. ... 

Process variable (or parameter) classification is essential to express a thorough understanding of the process. An unclassified process parameter (UPP) is defined as a process parameter in which its influence on quality attributes is undefined. 

The major drawback of this identification method, as used to date, is that only a part of the useful information contained into original Bscan image, i.e. segmented Bscan image, is used for defect characterization. Moreover, it requires the availability of defect classification information (i.e. if the defect is volumetric or planar, e.g. a crack or a lack of fusion), which, generally, may be as difficult to obtain as the defect parameters themselves. Therefore, we... 

The combination of contrast and granularity produces a signal to noise ratio which allows for direct comparison of various films. The classes have minimum values for eontrast and maximum values for graininess. The ASTM classification system employs the same parameters as the European Standard EN584-1 and ISO CD (see Table 1). 

The aim of this work which enter in a research project on NDT, is to conceive a system of aid for interpretation and taking decisions, on imperfections in metallic fusion welds, we have studied and tested several segmentation techniques based on the two approaches ( contour and regions ). A quantitative analysis will be applied to extract some relatives geometricals parameters. To the sight of these characteristics, a first classification will be possible. 

A quantitative analysis to extract some relative geometrical parameters will be applied. To the sight of these characteristics, a first classification will be possible. We proceed as follow ... 

As a first step in the direction outlined here some manufacturers and BAM last year discussed the problems and the possible procedures of such a system of quality assurance. As a result of this meeting round robin tests for the harmonization of the measurements of film system parameters and a possible procedure of surveillance of the quality of film systems were proposed. Closely related to these the BAM offers to perform the classification of film systems. But as during the production of films variations of the properties of the different batches cannot be avoided, the results of measurements of films of a single batch will be restricted to this charge, while only the measurements and mean of several batches of a film type will give representative values of its properties. This fact is taken into account already in section 4 of the standard EN 584-1 which can be interpreted as a kind of continuous surveillance. In accordance with this standard a film system caimot be certified on the base of measurements of a single emulsion only. 

Schemes for classifying surfactants are based upon physical properties or upon functionality. Charge is tire most prevalent physical property used in classifying surfactants. Surfactants are charged or uncharged, ionic or nonionic. Charged surfactants are furtlier classified as to whetlier tire amphipatliic portion is anionic, cationic or zwitterionic. Anotlier physical classification scheme is based upon overall size and molecular weight. Copolymeric nonionic surfactants may reach sizes corresponding to 10 000-20 000 Daltons. Physical state is anotlier important physical property, as surfactants may be obtained as crystalline solids, amoriDhous pastes or liquids under standard conditions. The number of tailgroups in a surfactant has recently become an important parameter. Many surfactants have eitlier one or two hydrocarbon tailgroups, and recent advances in surfactant science include even more complex assemblies [7, 8 and 9].

Any orbital-based scheme can be used for crystal-structure calculations. The trend is toward more accurate methods. Some APW and Green s function methods use empirical parameters, thus edging them toward a semiempirical classification. In order of preference, the commonly used methods are ... 

Histotically, the classification of PE lesias has developed ia conjunction with the discovery of new catalysts for ethylene polymerisation as well as new polymerisation processes and appHcations. The classification (given ia Table 1) is based on two parameters that could be easily measured ia the 1950s ia a commercial environment with minimum iastmmentation the resia density and its melt iadex. In its present state, this classification provides a simple means for a basic differentiation of PE resias, even though it cannot easily describe some important distinctions between the stmctures and properties of various resia brands. 

Searching of one or more on-line databases is a technique increasingly used ia novelty studies. The use of such databases enables the searcher to combine indexing parameters, including national and international classifications natural language words ia the full text of patents, ia their claims, or ia abstracts suppHed by iaventor and by professional documentation services and indexing systems of various sorts. Because the various patent databases have strengths and weaknesses that complement each other, the use of multiple databases is thus pmdent, and is faciUtated by multifile and cross-file techniques provided by the various on-line hosts. 

Patent classification codes are another subject-search parameter available in most patent databases. IPC codes are usually present and U.S. codes exist in a number of files in the case of Japan Patent Information Organization (JAPIO), Japanese codes too are available. It is possible to mimic a hand search by limiting operations to references falling within one class or group of classes. Although such strategies can in some instances be justified, it is usually wiser to treat class codes as just one of the various subject parameters that make up a search strategy. 

AH three parameters, the cut size, sharpness index, and apparent bypass, are used to evaluate a size separation device because these are assumed to be independent of the feed size distribution. Other measures, usually termed efficiencies, are also used to evaluate the separation achieved by a size separation device. Because these measures are dependent on the feed size distribution, they are only usefiil when making comparisons for similar feeds. AH measures reduce to either recovery efficiency, classification efficiency, or quantitative efficiency. Recovery efficiency is the ratio of the amount of material less than the cut size in the fine stream to the amount of material less than the cut size in the feed stream. Classification efficiency is defined as a corrected recovery efficiency, ie, the recovery efficiency minus the ratio of the amount of material greater than the cut size in the fine stream to the amount of material greater than the cut size in the feed stream. Quantitative efficiency is the ratio of the sum of the amount of material less than the cut size in the fine stream plus the amount of material greater than the cut size in the coarse stream, to the sum of the amount of material less than the cut size in the feed stream plus the amount of material greater than the cut size in the feed stream. Thus, if the feed stream analyzes 50% less than the cut size and the fine stream analyzes 95% less than the cut size and the fine stream flow rate is one-half the feed stream flow rate, then the recovery efficiency is 95%, the classification efficiency is 90%, and the quantitative efficiency is 95%. 

Table 1. Characteristic Classification Parameters for Twin-Cone Classifier ...

Ha.rd Coa.1, The amount of coal in international commerce since ca 1945 necessitated an international system of coal classification and in 1956 the Coal Committee of the European Economic Community agreed on a system designated the International Classification of Hard Coal by Type (3). Volatile matter and gross calorific value on a moist, ash-free basis are among the parameters considered. Table 4 shows the various classes of the international system and gives the corresponding national names used for these coals. 

The second classification is the physical model. Examples are the rigorous modiiles found in chemical-process simulators. In sequential modular simulators, distillation and kinetic reactors are two important examples. Compared to relational models, physical models purport to represent the ac tual material, energy, equilibrium, and rate processes present in the unit. They rarely, however, include any equipment constraints as part of the model. Despite their complexity, adjustable parameters oearing some relation to theoiy (e.g., tray efficiency) are required such that the output is properly related to the input and specifications. These modds provide more accurate predictions of output based on input and specifications. However, the interactions between the model parameters and database parameters compromise the relationships between input and output. The nonlinearities of equipment performance are not included and, consequently, significant extrapolations result in large errors. Despite their greater complexity, they should be considered to be approximate as well. 

Title I allows the EPA to define the boundaries of "nonattainment" areas for ozone, CO, and PMjg. Emission standards for these areas will be based on a new set of "nonattainment categories." EPA has established a classification system for ozone design values (goals) and attainment deadlines. Table 24-2 lists these parameters. 

Classification of environmental conditions. Part 3 Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their seventies. Storage. Superseded BS EN 60721-3-1 1993 Classification of environmental conditions. Part 3 Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their seventies. Transportation. Superseded BS EN 60721-3-2 1993 AMD 1 Classification of environmental conditions. Part 3 Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their seventies. Stationary use at weather protected locations (AMD 9514J dated 15 June 1997. Superseded BS EN 60721-3-3 1993. Previously BS 7527 Section 3.3 1991... 

Free phenol is a major concern in the manufacture of novolac resins. This is true for several reasons. The strongest drivers are probably EPA classification of phenol as a Hazardous Air Pollutant and worker safety concerns. However, free phenol also has significant technical effects on such parameters as melt flow characteristics. In this role, free phenol may undermine the desired effects of a molecular weight design by increasing flow beyond the desired point. Since free phenol is often variable, the effects on flow may also cause variation in product performance from batch to batch. Fig. 18 shows the effects of free phenol on the flow across a series of molecular weights. Free phenol contents between 1 and 10% are commonly seen. In recent years, much work has been aimed at reducing the free phenol. 

However, it has to be considered that it is neither the content of free formaldehyde itself nor the molar ratio which eventually should be taken as the decisive and the only criterion for the classification of a resin concerning the subsequent formaldehyde emission from the finished board. In reality, the composition of the glue mix as well as the various process parameters during the board production also determine both performance and formaldehyde emission. Depending on the type of board and the manufacturing process, it is sometimes recommended to use a UF-resin with a low molar ratio F/U (e.g. F/U = 1.03), hence low content of free formaldehyde, while sometimes the use of a resin with a higher molar ratio (e.g. F/U = 1.10) and the addition of a formaldehyde catcher/depressant will give better results [17]. Which of these two, or other possible approaches, is the better one in practice can only be decided in each case by trial and error. 

Besides the conventional classification of flow shown in Fig. 14.3, there arc also other possibilities, sec, e.g., Leung, Independent of the method of classification, the essential point is that there is no general method and there are no general simple parameters that reliably predict the behavior of the flow in a new application. For each case the type ot flow has to be examined experimentally. 

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