Indicators statistics

RI = radiation intensity RH = relative humidity RT = relative temperature SH = soil moisture ST = soil temperature. Mean and range for each variable. Means followed by different letters (a, b) within the same column indicate statistically significant differences (P <0.05). 

Figure 11.1. Effect of storage temperature (0, 5, 10°C) on (I) total anthocyanins (mg/100 g FW), (II) total phenols (mg/100 g FW), and (III) antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC (p.mol TE/g FW) of strawberry fruit (cv. Chandler). Bars show the final values after treatments. Different letters on top of the bars indicate statistical differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

Note Values in bold indicate statistical significance. 

Asterisks indicate statistical significance between two adjacent means. indicates statistical difference at P<0.01 level. indicates statistical difference at P<0.001 level. Larvae were weighed 7 days after eclosion. N = 15. 

Studies using smaller implants of 2.9 mm diameter indicated statistically significant differences in the two rate constants (Table 2) and extent of drug released from the implant in comparison with implants of mean diameter 6.2 mm. This could be attributed to an increase in surface area per unit volume of the smaller implant. 

Fig. 6 Effect of methylphenidate on Acquisition of the PAR in juvenile rat pups. Juvenile rat pups (day 15-16) were tested for acquisition of a multi-trial PAR. Littermates were equally divided into vehide or drug treatment groups. Methylphenidate salt was given ip at a dose of 3 mg/kg (base), 30 mins prior to training. Animals were returned to their home cage with their littermates for the intertrial time period. indicates statistically significant differences between drug-treatment group and vehide-treatment group at the specific trial. Non-parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test) was conducted on median latencies (sec). Mean + SEM entry latendes (sec) are presented (n = 12-18/group).

Figure 11. 3H-Thymidine uptake in PBL from S. typhimurium-r/j/ec/ec/ and uninfected calves stimulated with various antigens. Each bar shows the mean of log values of Sist with standard deviations indicated. Statistical analyses were made using Student s t test. (Reproduced with permission from Ref 59. Copyright 1982. Infect. ImmunJ...

Fig. 10. Effect of drinking 300 ml of water, blacktea, green tea, alcohol-free red wine, or alcohol-free white wine on TAC of blood plasma of volunteers. Data taken from Serafini et al. (S11). Mean values SD of results for five volunteers. TAC was measured by protection of phycoerythrin bleaching (G5). Stars indicate statistically significant differences.

Note Superscript a and b indicate statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences between bioconverted EPA and DHA against bacteria tested. 

A new degenerate rearrangement process mixing all carbon atoms has been revealed by Franke et al. (1980, 1981) through studies of Cj-labelled [49]. Electron impact ionization (70 and 12 eV respectively) of [50], [51], [52] and [53] in the gas phase gave [M-Br]+ ions which unimolecularly yield ethylene with isotopic compositions indicating statistical distribution of the labels prior to ethylene elimination. All precursors gave the same distribution of labelled ethylenes. Various mechanisms (43) have been proposed in the litera-... 

Figure 10-11 Effect of brimonidine 0.2% and timolol 0.5% at peak 2 hours after morning drug instillation. Asterisks indicate statistically lower intraocular pressure with brimonidine at week 1, week 2, month 3, and month 12. (Adapted from Katz LJ. Brimomdine tartrate 0.2% twice daily versus timolol 0.5% twice daily 1-year results in glaucoma patients.Am J Ophthalmol 1999 127 20-26.)...

Approach I indicates statistical automated algorithms not dependent on prior expert judgment. Approach II indicates a rule-based technique that requires prior expert judgment. 

Differential index indicates statistical significance of differences (P < 0.05 —0.001). 

Figure 2 Representative examples of inverted U-shaped dose-response relationships displayed by a variety of experimental models and chemical agents. The asterisks indicate statistically significant data ( = P < 0.05, = P < 0.01, = P < 0.005). Absence of statistical significance denotes studies that did not perform statistical analyses on their data. Sources of data for (a)-(p) are References 14-29, respectively.

Interim efficacy analyses usually make a mess These analyses require either that the overall size of the trial has to be greater than if no interim analysis was performed, or that a smaller a must be accepted as indicating statistical significance at the end of the whole study. 

Other plans can be used, and an excellent review is given by Pocock. Particularly interesting are the plans developed by O Brien and colleagues.In these, stricter (lower) P values are needed in order to stop the trial early, and less strict (higher) P values indicate statistical significance in the later analyses. So, if the data are to be tested at the halfway point, and again at the end if the trial continues, the criterion of... 

Different letters in the same column indicate statistical difference (p <. 05) according to Student (-test. 

Studies of histocompatibility antigens in psoriatic patients indicate statistically significant associations on the B, C, and D loci, more specifically, HLA-B13, HLA-B17, and HLA-B37."... 

---