Subject parameter

Patent classification codes are another subject-search parameter available in most patent databases. IPC codes are usually present and U.S. codes exist in a number of files in the case of Japan Patent Information Organization (JAPIO), Japanese codes too are available. It is possible to mimic a hand search by limiting operations to references falling within one class or group of classes. Although such strategies can in some instances be justified, it is usually wiser to treat class codes as just one of the various subject parameters that make up a search strategy. 

There are two problems with the above procedure, however. The first is that it is not efficient, because the intersubject parameter variance it computes is actually the variance of the parameters between subjects plus the variance of the estimate of a single-subject parameter. The second drawback is that often, in real-life applications, a complete data set, with sufficiently many points to reliably estimate all model parameters, is not available for each experimental subject. A frequent situation is that observations are available in a haphazard, scattered fashion, are often expensive to gather, and for a number of reasons (availability of manpower, cost, environmental constraints, etc.) are usually much fewer than we would like. 

Hasenfratz, M., Battig, K., Acute dose-effect relationships of caffeine and mental performance, EEG, cardiovascular and subjective parameters. Psychopharmacology 114(2), 281-287, 1994. 

Sequential test plans are also suitable for the direct comparison of two products or procedures based on subjective parameters as well as on measured results. This can be done without any computation, but only according to the following three criteria ... 

As with other bronchodilators in COPD, parameters other than objective measurements such as FEVj should be monitored to assess efficacy. Subjective parameters, such as perceived improvements in dyspnea and exercise tolerance, are important in assessing the acceptability of methylxanthines for COPD patients. 

Efficacy. A relative concept referring to the ability of a medicine to elicit a beneficial clinical effect. This may be measured or evaluated using objective or subjective parameters, and in terms ranging form global impressions to highly precise measurements. Efficacy is assessed at one or more levels of organization (e.g., subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole body) and may be extrapolated to other levels. 

This is a combination of a multitude of objective or subjective parameters, for example ... 

For a research subject parameter to be a response, it has to fulfill certain conditions. A response should be ... 

Herrmann H, Kuhl A, Maier-Lenz H. Der Einfluss des Dosierungszeitpunktes von Isosorbidmononitrat auf objektive und subjektive Parameter der Angina pectoris. [The effect of time and dosage of isosorbide mononitrate on objective and subjective parameters in angina pectoris.] Arzneimittelforschung 1988 38(5) 694-8. 

In this notation, g(9, zj) is used to represent a function (g), perhaps a linear combination of CO variates, that describes the expectation of the /th subjects parameter vector 9i conditional on their demographic characteristics (z,) and population parameter values (0). The variance-covariance matrix (Q) therefore describes the random variability between subjects that is not able to be explained by covariates. 

A chronic problem of product design, reductionism, occurs when personnel such as engineers, chemists, microbiologists, statisticians, or lawyers focus solely on the objective parameters (the two right quadrants) and therefore misinterpret subjective parameters in objective terms that is, they reduce the subjective domains to objective ones. Equally problematic are marketing personnel, industrial psychologists, and social scientists, who often focus their efforts in the subjective domains and misinterpret objective domains in subjective terms. Reductionism often is rooted in bias. Those who were trained in the physical sciences tend to have incorporated an objective world view, while those trained in social sciences... 

If an assignment of classes to patterns is not evident, then unsupervised Learning methods are often helpful. Methods of finding clusters in a multidimensional pattern space are used to find natural classes in a data set. Such methods are not trivial and always contain heuristic and arbitrary elements. Subjective parameters are necessary to control the size, shape and number of clusters for a certain problem. different representations of the data often give different clusters. 

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