Solubility expressions

Oldenhuis R, RLJM Vink, DB Janssen, B Witholt (1989) Degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b expressing soluble methane monooxygenase. Appl Environ... 

Figure 3.9 MALDITOF mass spectrum showing over-expressed soluble core domain protein of cytochrome B5.

Ammann P, Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP, Bourrin S, Meyer JM, Vassalli P, Garcia I (1997) Transgenic mice expressing soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor are protected against bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. J Clin Invest 99 1699-1703... 

In other words, the solubility of a solute indicates how much of that solute is present in a solution at equilibrium. Data tables often express solubility as (g solute)/(100 mL solvent). Molar solubility, on the other hand, is always expressed in terms of (mol solute/L solvent). 

Thus the expression solubility of nitrocellulose in a certain solvent has a different meaning from the concept of solubility as applied to a crystalline substance able to form a saturated solution. 

Four possible equilibrium situations may exist, depending on the nature of the chemical phase, each of which requires separate theoretical treatment and leads to different equations for expressing solubility. These equations form the basis of the correlations discussed later. 

Tags comprise sequences that go from a few amino acids (His-, FLAG-or c-myc-tags) to large polypeptides (serum albumin, protein A or G, glutathione S-transferase, growth hormone, GFP, CAT, etc.). The purpose of a tag is to confer a novel property such as an increased expression, solubility, stability, and half-life (e.g. serum albumin, protein G, EBV-1 antigen), a specific affinity to simplify its isolation and purification (e.g. 

The units used to express solubilities of gases, e.g. Henry s law coefficients, Ostwald coefficients and Bunsen coefficients, have to be converted to the relevant solution standard state (p. 213). Such solubilities (Battino and Clever, 1966 Wilhelm and Battino, 1973) are valuable in the analysis of kinetic data. For example, the solubility of a neutral solute in a range of aqueous mixtures can provide some indication of the variation of the chemical potential of a neutral reactant because, from eqn (11), 8m AGe = 8mnf. Where the pure solute is a liquid or solid, it is often convenient to chose the pure solute as a standard state, represented by the symbol, ° in eqn (12). Similar comments apply to the related thermodynamic quan-... 

A more general way of expressing solubilities is through the vapor—liquid equilibrium constant m defined by... 

The oil solubility of an anaesthetic is of interest, not only because it governs the passage of the anaesthetic into and out of the fat depots of the body, but also because there is a well-established correlation between anaesthetic potency and oil solubility. Figure 2.10 shows a linear inverse relationship between log narcotic concentration and log solubility in oleyl alcohol for a series of common anaesthetic gases. The ordinate of the graph represents the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which is that concentration of anaesthetic at which 50% of the patients cease to move in response to a stimulus. The abscissa shows the solubility expressed in terms of the oil/gas partition coefficient. Partition coefficients are widely used to express solubility and are the ratios of the concentration of the gas in the two phases in equilibrium at a given temperature. When, as in this case, one of the phases is the gas itself, the partition coefficient expressed as the liquid/gas (note the order of the phases) concentration ratio is equal to the... 

It should be noted that the units used in the two references are not uniform. One author expresses solubility in grams of solute per 100 g of solvent and the other in grams of solute per 100 g of saturated solution. It is not difficult, however, to estimate the approximate amount of acetanilide which dissolves at 60° per 100 g of methyl alcohol. Since 100 g of saturated solution in methyl alcohol at 60° contains 59.2 g of the solute, it is obvious that the bal-... 

Many proteins, particularly those of eukaryotic origin, require an interacting protein partner for correct folding and stability.190-193 Often, these proteins contain intrinsically disordered domains that mediate the protein interaction. Frequently, proteins with unstructured domains cannot be expressed solubly in E. coli. In some cases, coexpression of the interacting protein has improved the stability and solubility of the protein of interest.194-197 As an example, the yield of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was 20—25 times greater when coexpressed with its natural partner, calmodulin, than in the absence of calmodulin. Additionally, soluble iNOS could be isolated when expressed without calmodulin but it was deficient in heme and flavins and almost completely inactive.198 Methods for coexpression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts have been recently reviewed.1... 

Jahng, D. and T.K. Wood. 1994. Trichloroethylene and chloroform degradation by a recombinant pseudomonad expressing soluble methane monooxygenase from... 

Sullivan, J.P. and H.A. Chase. 1996. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene transformation by Meth-ylosinus trichosporium OB3b expressing soluble methane monooxygenase. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 45 427-433. 

Forstermann, U., Schmidt, H. H. H. W., Kohlhaas, K. L., and Murad, F. (1992). Induced RAW 264.7 macrophages express soluble and particulate nitric oxide synthase Inhibition by transforming growth factor-/3. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. 225, 161-165. 

Alcami A, Khanna A, Paul NL et al. Vaccinia virus strains Lister, USSR and Evans express soluble and cell-surface tumour necrosis factor receptors. J Gen Virol 1999 80(Pt 4) 949-959. 

The unhydrolyzed chlorine is the species that is directly in equilibrium with the chlorine in the gas phase. If we express solubility of molecular chlorine by Henry s law. 

Bromine s behavior in water differs from that of chlorine. It forms a hydrate, but of a different type, with approximate composition Br2-8.5H20. Hydrolysis to HOBr is not favored. Dissolved bromine is present almost exclusively as Br2, and tabulations of physical properties often express solubility in terms of the Henry s law coefficient. 

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