Anti-fouling paints

Car-ferry vessels in Australia have 0-15 mm of aluminium-sprayed coatings on the inside and outside of the hull followed by a compatible anti-fouling paint. Steel vertical legs on the S. S. President Cleveland and S. S. President Wilson are aluminium sprayed followed by two coats of aluminium-pigmented vinyl paint. Aluminium-sprayed steel is also giving... 

Davies, I.M., J.C. McKie, and J, D. Paul. 1986. Accumulation of tin and tributyltin from anti-fouling paint by cultivated scallops (Pecten maximum) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 55 103-114. 

In October 2001, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Anti-Fouling Systems Convention (IMO, 2001). According to the convention, application of TBT-based AF paints is banned from 1 Jan 2003. Use of TBT-based AF paint is banned from 1 Jan 2008. 

Marson, F. Anti-Fouling Paints I. Theoretical approach to leaching of soluble pigments from insoluble paint vehicles. J. Appl. Chem. 19 (1969), 93-99. 

Given the toxic effects of TBT and TFT, efforts are now underway to halt their use in antifouling paints. The United States and European Union banned their use on boats smaller than 25 m circa 1990. In 2001, the United Nations adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, which calls for a worldwide ban on use of TBT in antifouling paints and is slated to come into force in 2008. As noted above, areas where the use of butyltin has been restricted have experienced a decline in butyltin concentrations. A similar decline has been observed in the incidence of imposex. 

Anti-fouling tests were carried out on brush coated plastic laminate panels which had been given a primary coating of anti-corrosion paint. Performance was measured by visual observations of the panels after prolonged immersion (4 - 12 months) in a known high-fouling estuarine environment. 

A further important application of these pigments is in paints. The natural red iron oxides are also used in primers for steel structures and cars, for marine coatings and for anti-fouling paints. In the USA, the metallic browns are used for these purposes. The level of soluble salts in the latter pigments is low and this reduces corrosion problems. The metallic browns are also used in heat resistant enamels. 

U.S. Organotin Anti fouling Paint Control 4 ng organotin/ EPA 1988c... 

Sheldon AW. 1975. Effects of organotin anti-fouling coatings on man and his environment. Journal of Paint Technology 47 54-58. 

The production and use of most POP pesticides have been prohibited in China, but DDT, HCB, chlordane, and mirex were still in production and use in 2003. DDT is used as an intermediate for producing Dicofol, anti-fouling paint, as an ingredient in some mosquito-repellent incense, and for malaria prevention (including export). HCB is never used as a pesticide in China, but it is used as an intermediate to produce sodium pentachlorophenol (Na-PCP), which is used extensively to kill snails in those places where schistosomiasis prevails. Owing to their specific... 

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