Overview-Design concepts-Detail

No observable effect concentration No observed effects level Overview-design concepts-detail... 

In contrast to the previous 2 model types, IBMs have to be implemented as computer programs. In the past, this made IBMs hard to communicate and, as a result, understand. Recently, however, a common protocol for describing IBMs was proposed (Grimm et al. 2006 see Van den Brink et al. 2007 for an example application), the ODD protocol (Overview-Design concepts-Detail). ODD provides a common structure for IBM descriptions, but also helps us to think about IBMs in a structured way. For example, developers of IBMs have to make the following decisions, which correspond to the 7 elements of ODD (see also the tasks of the modeling cycle ) ... 

In the following, we will provide only a very brief overview of some of the basic materials and MEA design concepts and the interested reader is referred to the very detailed articles in the remainder of this encyclopedia or to the cited literature. 

Process economics is an essential element of a good design procedure. The objective of this appendix is to provide an overview of basic concepts in cost estimation and economics of chemical processes. For more details, the reacker is referred to Humphreys and Wellman (1996), Peters and Timmerhaus (1991), Garrett (1989) and Ulrich (1984). 

The second section of the book details application of instrumentation and numerical analysis to spectroscopic analyses in a number of fields. The applications cover fields such as materials science (Chapters 5-8), biomedical science (Chapters 9-11) and agricultural and food sciences (Chapters 12 and 13). Chapter 5 details the application of mid-IR FUR spectroscopic imaging to multicomponent polymeric systems, salient features of data analysis for these systems, and a number of examples. Chapter 6 describes the utility of multichannel detectors to catalyst development and provides examples to demonstrate the translation of laboratory concepts to viable industrial catalysis. Chapter 7 provides an overview, and examples, of the application of near-IR imaging systems to the real world in real time . Issues in the industrial design and analysis of several commercial products are detailed in Chapter 8. 

In the search for a more snccessful drag, numerous alternative concepts in the design of new platinum drags emerged. Requirements that have inflnenced the search for new complexes inclnde rednction in toxicity, increased spectrum of activity, circumventing resistance, and oral activity to facihtate ontpatient treatment. The remainder of this section will give an overview of the various approaches used, classical and novel. Platinum complexes with appended functionalities will be discussed in more detail. 

In this chapter, the integration of capacity hmitation and biosignal turnover concepts is revealed in an overview of mechanistic PD models for irreversible effects, transduction processes, and tolerance and rebound phenomena. Pertinent equations are provided along with most signature profiles and salient model features. This information may be useful in the design and analysis of relevant PD studies, and the cited references should be consulted for more details on the application of models for specific drugs or drug classes. 

Before discussing the different classes in detail in the remaining sections of this article, we give a short overview of the physical properties that are important for the respective applications. The multifunctional approach in the design of the materials will be elucidated in the example of the OLED, but similar concepts are also valid in other devices, e.g., in solar cells. 

This chapter is an overview of architectures adopted for the catalytic/biocatalytic composites used in wide applications like the biomass valorization or fine chemical industry. On this perspective, the chapter updates the reader with the most fresh examples of construction designs and concepts considered for the synthesis of such composites. Their catalytic properties result from the introduction of catalytic functionalities and vary from inorganic metal species e.g., Ru, Ir, Pd, or Rh) to well-organized biochemical structures like enzymes e.g., lipase, peroxidase, (3-galactosidase) or whole cells. Catalytic/biocatalytic procedures for the biomass conversion into platform molecules e.g., glucose, GVL, Me-THF, sorbitol, succinic acid, and glycerol) and their further transformation into value-added products are detailed in order to make understandable the utility of these complex architectures and to associate the composite properties to their performances, versatility, and robustness. 

Concepts of plants can be divided into solid layer and suspension crystallization. Furthermore, these two techniques can be split into continuous and batchwise as well as into static and dynamic (stagnant or flowing melt) operating modes. A detailed overview of the different designs of existing and commercially available plants in solid layer as well as suspension crystallization is provided in Chapter 16. In the Sections... 

This section starts with a short overview of state-of-the-art catalysts, all of which are based on platinum, followed by an explanation of the carbon monoxide issue when designing a catalyst for fuel cell applications. As the oxygen reduction reaction is the main source of kinetic performance losses of the cell, the reaction is discussed in more detail to set guidehnes for new catalyst concepts. New approaches cover platinum-containing core shell catalysis as well as de-alloyed approaches, where both classes aim for a severely reduced overall loading, and platinum-free alternatives are discussed in more detail. Finally, the influence of carbon supports on performance is discussed and alternative catalyst supports are presented. 

This chapter gives an overview of basic concepts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The intent is to provide the reader with an intuitive understanding of the processes that underlie fuel cell operation. General and engineering aspects of fuel cell design and operation are treated in greater detail in recently published books (Bagotsky, 2012 Barbir, 2012). Please refer to these books for further discussions of different types of fuel cells and specific aspects of their operation. 

This chapter describes the basic design technologies used to build a microreactor with glass and silicon. The technologies are very diverse, so only a general overview has been provided. The reader who wish to read about the concept in more detail can refer to the literature cited. The available technologies are diverse, so the reader may confine to details based on the requirements. 

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