Biomass valorization

Palkovits R, Parvulescu AN, Hausoul PJC, Kruithof CA, Klein Gebbink RJM, Weckhuysen BM (2009) Telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with various alcohols by Pd/TOMPP catalysts new opportunities for catalytic biomass valorization. Green Chem 11 1155-1160... 

Wang, Y., 2010. Fiber and textile waste utilization. Waste Biomass Valorization 1 (1), 135-143. 

Visakh, R, and Thomas, S. (2010). Preparation of bionanomaterials and their polymer nanocomposites from waste and biomass, Biomass Valorization. 1,121-134. 

S.G. Howell, A ten year review of plastics recycling. J. Hazard. Mater. 29(2), 143-164 (1992) E. Butler, G. Devlin, K. McDonnell, Waste polyolefins to liquid fuels via pyrolysis review of commercial state-of-the-art and recent laboratory research. Waste Biomass Valorization 2(3), 227-255 (2011)... 

The third approach to biomass valorization encompasses a group of chemical/ catalytic processes, which are usually targeted to a single product or a narrow range of products. These selective catalytic approaches for renewable feedstocks and chemicals are the main subject of this Topics in Current Chemistry volume, as introduced in the following section. 

As discussed in detail in Chapter 1 [1], the chemical-catalytic approach to biomass valorization is poised to come to the fore of biorefinery operations due to its advantages over microbial and thermochemical processing of lignocellulosic feedstocks. Below, we consider three mainstream platform chemicals, collectively referred to as furanics, that are derived from the acid-catalyzed dehydration of carbohydrates. The first, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, or HMF 1, is an icon of the biorefinery movement. With derivatives that branch out over multiple product manifolds, HMF is a recognized commercial opportunity for whoever can manage to produce it economically, and approaches towards the realization of this aim will be discussed. 

The concepts for biomass valorization are manifold. Some existing examples for biochemical products from bio-derived resources are summarized in Table 1.5... 

Ferreira-Leitao V, Gottschalk LMF, Ferrara MA, Nepomuceno AL, Molinari HBC, Bon EPS. Biomass residues in Brazil availability and potential uses. Waste Biomass Valorization 2010 l(l) 65-76. 

R. Murali, A. Anumary, M. Ashokkumar, P. Thanikaivelan, B. Chandrasekaran, Hybrid biodegradable films from collagenous wastes and natural polymers for biomedical applications, Waste and Biomass Valorization 2 (3) (2011) 323-335. 

This chapter is an overview of architectures adopted for the catalytic/biocatalytic composites used in wide applications like the biomass valorization or fine chemical industry. On this perspective, the chapter updates the reader with the most fresh examples of construction designs and concepts considered for the synthesis of such composites. Their catalytic properties result from the introduction of catalytic functionalities and vary from inorganic metal species e.g., Ru, Ir, Pd, or Rh) to well-organized biochemical structures like enzymes e.g., lipase, peroxidase, (3-galactosidase) or whole cells. Catalytic/biocatalytic procedures for the biomass conversion into platform molecules e.g., glucose, GVL, Me-THF, sorbitol, succinic acid, and glycerol) and their further transformation into value-added products are detailed in order to make understandable the utility of these complex architectures and to associate the composite properties to their performances, versatility, and robustness. 

Novozym 435 is already a famous biocomposite containing Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) as the bioactive part. Novozym 435 is commercially available immobilized enzyme with CAL-B physically adsorbed on a macroporous resin of poly(methylmethacrylate) [82]. The enzyme versatility and the substrate affinity recommended Novozym 435 for many applications, including the biomass valorization. An example is the production of the fatty acid esters used as emollient in the cosmetic industry (ex. myristyl myristate) [83,84],... 

However, both examples are representative for Novozym 435 application in the biomass valorization field. 

Another example of lipase application in biomass valorization is the synthesis of monoester derivatives of 6-azauridine via one-step regioselec-tive acylation. It is catalyzed by immobilized lipase (CAL-B) where 99% of the substrate was converted with 99% selectivity into target product... 

The specific properties of biomass pose new requirements on the processes and on the solids that have to be used as catalysts. The novel Ru-based magnetic nanoparticles systems meet these criteria. Also, enzyme biocomposites (e.g., lipase, peroxidase, (3-galactosidase) behave properly in the biomass valorization process. 

Ntaikou, I., Antonopoulou, G., Lyberatos, G. (2010). Biohydrogen production from biomass and wastes via dark fermentation a review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, I, 21—39. 

Rodrigues, C.S., Ghavami, K., Stroeven, R, 2010. Rice husk ash as a supplementary raw material for the production of cellulose-cement composites with improved performance. Waste Biomass Valorization, 1(2), pp. 241-249. 

Baron M (2012) Towards a greener pharmacy by more eco-design. Waste and Biomass Valorization 3 395 07. doi 10.1007/sl2649-012-9146-2... 

F. Schiith, in Catalytic Hydrogenation for Biomass Valorization, The Royal Society of Chemistiy, 2015, pp. 1-21. 

Biomass Valorization to Biochemicals and Biofuels 170 Cellulose hydrolysis to glucose 171... 

Taking into account the above statements, the following section will discuss the catalytic performances of nanofluorides in some applications on biomass valorization such as the cellulose hydrolysis to glucose [145], cellulose valorization to lactic acid [146], and the valorization of glycerol (i.e., the by-product of biodiesel production) to synthesis of diacyl and triacyl glycerine [147], but also the dehydration of xylose and glucose to furan derivatives [148,149]. 

Das, R.K., Verma, M., Brar, S.K., 2015b. Valorization of egg shell biowaste and brewery wastewater for the enhanced production of fumaric add. Waste and Biomass Valorization 6,535-546. 

Chatteijee, R., Sharma, V., et al., 2015. The environmental impacts and allocation methods used in LCA studies of vegetable oil-based bio-diesels. Waste and Biomass Valorization... 

Alamanou, D.G., Malamis, D., Mamma, D., Kekos, D., 2015. Bioethanol from dried household food waste applying non-isothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation at high substrate concentration. Waste and Biomass Valorization 6 (3), 353—361. 

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