Industrial design

The success of designing industrial reactors greatly depends on accurate and reliable laboratory data. These data are derived from the... 

The filtrate following carbon treatment is evaporated, allowed to cool and crystallised. This yields refined grade itaconic add. The solution may be further evaporated to yield a second sample - this time designated industrial grade. Industrial grade samples can also be made directly by evaporating the fermentative filtrate and thus avoiding the activated carbon step. 

Expertise in designing large-volume processes Expertise in designing continuous processes Expertise in designing industrial plants dedicated to a single product or process... 

In designing industrial scale packed columns a balance must be made between the capital cost of the column and ancillary equipment on the one side, and the running costs on the other. Generally, reducing the diameter of the column will reduce the capital cost though increase the cost of pumping the gas through the column due to the increased pressure drop. 

Ryu, J. and Pistikopoulos, E.N. (2005) Design and operation of an enterprise-wide process network using operation policies. 1. Design. Industrial el Engineering Chemistry Research, 44, 2174. 

As far as these experimental results are concerned, S/V of 2.58 cm."1 seemed optimum, but some further experiments should be done to cover smaller S/V ranges for designing industrial reactors. 

Today, the pharmaceutical industry could be called the medicines by design industry. Companies such as GlaxoSmithKline have teams of chemists and biochemists working almost around the clock to discover, test, check for safety and produce drugs that can deal with almost every known illness. 

Figure 6.1 summarizes the key areas of computer applications in catalysis research. Note that this chapter does not cover reactor and process simulations, although of course these are performed using computers, and are essential for designing industrial catalytic processes. Textbooks on chemical engineering discuss these subjects in depth [2]. 

On the other hand, significant developments in catalysis arise from the knowledge of reaction kinetics and engineering, which are crucial for designing industrial catalysts and processes [11], Of course, the actual HT and Combinatorial catalysis methods do not override traditional semi-industrial or Pilot Plant tests, but they are complementary and powerful techniques for exploring the multiparameter space under variable conditions and kinetic... 

Summing up, the two-phase model is physically consistent and may be applied for designing industrial systems, as demonstrated in recent studies [10, 11], Modeling the diffusion-controlled reactions in the polymer-rich phase becomes the most critical issue. The use of free-volume theory proposed by Xie et al. [6] has found a large consensus. We recall that the free volume designates the fraction of the free space between the molecules available for diffusion. Expressions of the rate constants for the initiation efficiency, dissociation and propagation are presented in Table 13.3, together with the equations of the free-volume model. 

Daniel Luss Here is a question for Manfred and the other control experts. In control courses, we try to teach the students how to control a process, given a fixed design. Industrial experts claim that if a process creates control problems, one should try to change and modify the design to avoid the control problems. We do a poor job of teaching this approach. How can we introduce this to our students ... 

Coleman, D. E. and Montgomery, D. C. (1993). A systematic approach to planning for a designed industrial experiment (with discussion). Technometrics, 35,1-27. 

Because of the dissolving characteristics shown in Figures 1-4, it is possible to design industrial processes to extract, purify, and fractionate materials based on changes in pressure of a supercritical fluid solvent, at high pressure effecting an... 

Historically, the emphasis in catalysis has been on increasing activity rather than selectivity. This is not surprising, since catalysts are generally regarded as substances that can speed up reactions. In addition, many early catalytic processes were based on relatively simple reactions with negligible sidesteps. As the field of catalysis expanded and covered more complex reactions, however, selectivity started to become crucial in designing industrial processes. One example of this already mentioned above is that of the partial oxidation of alcohols to oxygenated hydrocarbons. ... 

Matthew Tirrell Yes, the principal measure of success was the extent to which members continued to make cash contributions and remain involved, in spite of their own cash-flow problems, reorganizations, and difficulties in designating Industrial Fellows. 

Knowledge of the reaction kinetics is important for designing industrial ammonia synthesis reactors, for determining the optimal operating conditions, and for computer control of ammonia plants. This means predicting the technical dependence on operating variables of the rate of formation of ammonia in an integral catalyst volume element of a converter. 

In principle, the safest way to represent an industrial reactor on a laboratory scale is to reduce the diameter while keeping the bed length the same. In a well-designed industrial fixed-bed reactor where proper care is taken to ensure uniform distribution of feed over the cross section of the bed, there are theoretically no cross sectional differences. Hence, a more slender but equally tall test reactor would be a good representation of the commercial reactor, provided that the diameter of the test reactor is not so small that wall effects become appreciable (to be discussed later). 

The above practical restriction provides considerable fi eedom for downscaling of test reactors. As a starting point, the assumption can be made that a well-designed industrial fixed-bed reactor is a close approximation of an ideal integral reactor which fulfills the following criteria... 

In a properly designed industrial scale reactor, feedstock conversion is achieved at a certain throughput capacity. In order to scale-up the reactor, heat and mass transport phenomena must be studied. This includes heat transfer phenomena, feedstock conversion kinetics and the movement of particles inside the reactor. In this work, both experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to investigate these phenomena. Two different configurations of moving and stirred bed reactors, the batch scale rotative and a continuous feed Process Development Unit (PDU), have been used to generate the data in accordance with the principle of similarity. A dynamic model to scale-up the reactor was then tested. 

A systematic study has been carried out in our laboratories over the last decade on the above three phenomena with the objective to design industrial reactors (See Figure 2). Three theoretical and semi-theoretical models have been developed. The heat transfer model, namely the "Surface Renewal Model" has been developed to predict the... 

It was suggested that computer-based data analysis techniques (often involving multivariate statistical methods) can aid in this classification or simplification, as has been so profitable in other thermochemical conversion endeavours, for example, as applied to coal and petroleum. Again, it was emphasized that there is a need for a critical synthesis of the wealth of experimental data into regimes of behaviour, and simpler predictive equations or simulations, that are useful to the technologists in industry who are designing industrial scale reactors. 

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