Industrialization, papermaking

Diesen M (1998) Economics of the pulp and paper industry. Papermaking Science and Technology Series, Vol. 1. Fapet Oy, Helsinki... 

Properties of starch esters depend on the type of an esterifying agent applied, conditions of the reaction, and a DS. The esterified starches have found applications in the food industry, papermaking industry, in pharmacy, and have been used for the production of thickening agents and for permanent finishing of fabrics [57],... 

Currently, Eq. 2.2—although important and quite popular among scientists—has no major importance for industrial papermaking process. 

Neste patented an industrial route to a cellulose carbamate pulp (90) which was stable enough to be shipped into rayon plants for dissolution as if it were xanthate. The carbamate solution could be spun into sulfuric acid or sodium carbonate solutions, to give fibers which when completely regenerated had similar properties to viscose rayon. When incompletely regenerated they were sufficientiy self-bonding for use in papermaking. The process was said to be cheaper than the viscose route and to have a lower environmental impact (91). It has not been commercialized, so no confirmation of its potential is yet available. 

Locust bean gum and its derivatives are exceUent film formers and can be used either alone or in combination with starch as textile sizing agents and dye thickeners in textile printing, and as fiber bonding and beater additives in the papermaking industry. However, in most of these appHcations it has been replaced by guar. 

In 1945, cationic urea resins were introduced and quickly supplanted the anionic resins, since they could be used with any type of pulp (62). Although they have now become commodities, their use in the industry has been steadily declining as the shift towards neutral and alkaline papermaking continues. They are commonly made by the reaction of urea and formaldehyde with one or more polyethylene—polyamines. The stmcture of these resins is very compHcated and has not been deterrnined. Ammonia is evolved during the reaction, probably according to the following ... 

Nonfood Uses. Native com starch is principally used in nonfood appHcations in mining, adhesives, and paper industries. Pregelatinized starch is chemically unmodified, but it is physically modified. Pregelatinized starches are used to decrease water losses in oil-weU drilling muds, in cold water-dispersable wallpaper pastes, and in papermaking as an internal fiber adhesive. 

The use of calcium carbonate in paint, paper, and plastics make up the principal part of the market. In the paper industry calcium carbonate products find two uses as a filler in the papermaking process and as a part of the coating on paper. 

Next, consider this family curve for a centrifugal pump used in the pulp and papermaking industry (Figure 7-13). 

Amongst the products made by polymerisation casting are propellers for small marine craft, conveyor buckets used in the mining industry, liners for coal washing equipment and main drive gears for use in the textile and papermaking industries. 

Most of water-soluble acrylamide polymers find practical applications as highly efficient flocculents for clarification and treatment of potable water and municipal and industrial effluents and in the mining, papermak-... 

Leblanc s process survived him. Within several decades, it was almost the only one used to produce washing soda for the textile, soap, glass, and papermaking industries. And eventually his synthetic sodium carbonate put the barilla and kelp collectors out of business. 

Joore, L., Verstraeten, E. and Hooimeijer, A., Competitive Dutch Paper and Board Industry by Closed Water Systems beyond 2000, in 1999 International Water Conference Towards Closed Water Systems in Papermaking, Feb 10th, Papendal, Arnhem, TNO, Delft, NL, 1999. 

Calcium carbide is used to produce acetylene. Some of the other chemicals made with lime include calcium hypochlorite, citric acid, and sodium alkalis. Lime is used to produce precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), which is a fine-grained form of calcium carbonate. To produce PCC, lime is hydrated to produce slaked lime and the slaked lime is combined with water to produce limewater. Carbon dioxide is added to the limewater, causing calcium carbonate to precipitate as PCC. PCC is used widely in plastics production, papermaking, pharmaceuticals, and the petrochemical industry. 

Formaldehyde has hundreds of uses. Its largest use is in the production of synthetic resins. Many formaldehyde resins are hard plastics used in molding and laminates. Formaldehyde resins are used to treat textiles to make them wrinkle-free. It is also used to produce adhesives, which are used extensively in the production of plywood and particleboard. Other common uses are as disinfectants, fungicides, and preservatives. Formalin has been the traditional embalming fluid used in the mortuary industry for the last century. Formaldehyde is also used in papermaking, textile production, and fertilizers. 

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