Soils organic waste addition

Carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide as part of the process of respiration. The decomposition of the remains and wastes of living things by bacteria and other soil organisms also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In addition, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by fires and other types of burning, including the burning of fossil fuels and erupting volcanoes. 

Isophorone can enter your body if you breathe its vapor, have skin contact with it, drink contaminated water, or eat contaminated food. If isophorone is present at a waste site near homes that use local wells as a source of water, the well water could be contaminated with isophorone. Experiments in animals show that after doses by mouth, isophorone enters easily and spreads to many organs of the body, but most of it leaves the body within 24 hours in the breath and in urine. Isophorone may enter the lungs of workers exposed to isophorone where it is used indoors as a solvent. Isophorone disappears quickly from outside air, so the chance of breathing outdoor air contaminated with isophorone is small. If isophorone is spilled at a waste site and evaporates, however, a person nearby may breathe isophorone before it disappears from the air. In addition, soil around waste sites may contain isophorone, and a person, such as a child playing in the dirt, may eat or have skin contact with the contaminated soil. How much isophorone enters the body through the skin is not known. More information on how isophorone can enter and leave the body can be found in Chapter 2. 

Surface water can be contaminated by point or nonpoint sources. An effluent pipe from an industrial plant or a sewage-treatment plant is an example of a point source a field from which pesticides and fertilizers are carried by rainwater into a river is an example of a nonpoint source. Industrial wastes probably constitute the greatest single pollution problem in soil and water. These contaminants include organic wastes such as solvents, inorganic wastes, such as chromium and many unknown chemicals. Contamination of soil and water results when by-product chemicals are not properly disposed of or conserved. In addition industrial accidents may lead to severe local contamination. For a more in-depth discussion of sources and movements of water pollutants, see Chapter 27. 

Addition of organic wastes to agricultural soils is becoming a common practice as a waste disposal strategy and to improve the physical and chemical soil properties. However, the use of organic wastes as soil amendments can affect movement of herbicides. The effects on herbicide movement depend on the source and amount of added amendment and the physical and chemical properties of the soil. For instance, although pig manure slurry and cow manure... 

In China and other countries, the application of C-rich organic materials to heavy metal-contaminated soils is a common practice. However, the potential risk of metal mobilization should not be overlooked when metal dissolution facilitated by DOM released from organic wastes exceeds metal immobilization caused by particular organic matter. Figure 10.8 demonstrates that addition of DOM derived from green manure, pig manure, peat, rice litter, and sewage sludge to a Cu-contaminated soil caused an increase in soil water-soluble Cu contents. Compared to the control (no... 

One of the prime environmental objectives is the removal of suspended contaminants from water and waste streams. Water turbidity in nature is the result of colloidal clay dispersion and the color is from decayed wood and leaves (tannins and lignins) and organic soil matter. In addition to these contaminants, there are viruses, algae, bacteria, metal oxides, oils and other pollutants. In recent years, synthetic organic polyelectrolyes, in particular the cationic polymers, have been used very effectively in water treatment (3). These polyelectrolytes are high... 

The composition of municipal wastewater is quite variable, being highly dependent on the local conditions. In addition to any materials present in the home water supply, it will contain different contaminants, like feces, urine, paper, soap, oil and grease, dirt and soil, food waste, and home used chemicals. Typical composition of an untreated municipal wastewater includes dissolved solids, 140-1200mg L , organic nitrogen,... 

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