Postnatal exposure

Noland-Gerbec EA, Pfohl RJ, Taylor DH, et al. 1986. 2-Deoxyglucose uptake in the developing rat brain upon pre- and postnatal exposure to trichloroethylene. Neurotoxicology 7 157-164. 

Bomhausen M, Hagen U. 1984. Operant behavior performance changes in rats after prenatal and postnatal exposure to heavy metals. Ires Med Sci 12 805-806. 

Recent studies have focused on neurobehavioral effects of exposure of the developing organisms to lead. Studies concerned primarily with the effects of prenatal exposure are presented in the section on developmental effects (Section 2.2.3. 6), while studies concerned primarily with postnatal exposure are discussed here. 

In contrast to the animal studies for prenatal exposure, animal studies for postnatal exposure report effects at blood lead levels similar to those associated with effects in humans. 

Children s Susceptibility. Many of the known health effects that have been associated with low level lead exposure have been detected in children who experienced lead exposures both in utero and postnatally. Considerable uncertainty remains about the relative contribution of in utero and postnatal exposures to the development of health outcomes that are expressed later in childhood. This information is important for distinguishing those health outcomes that might be mitigated during the post-natal period from those that must be mitigated by limiting in utero exposure. Considerable uncertainty also remains... 

Bellinger DC. 1989. Prcnatal/carly postnatal exposure to lead and risk of developmental impairment. Birth Defects 25 73-97. 

Draski LJ, Burright RG, Donovick PJ. 1989. The influence of prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to lead on behavior of preweanling mice. Physiol Behav 45 711-715. 

Wang S-L, Lin C-Y, Leon Guo Y, Lin L-Y, Chou W-L, Chang LW (2004) Infant exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls (PCDD/Fs, PCBs)-correlation between prenatal and postnatal exposure. Chemosphere 54(10) 1459-1473. doi 10.1016/j. chemosphere.2003.08.012... 

Geist, C.R., S.W. Balko, M.E. Morgan, and R. Angiak. 1985. Behavioral effects following rehabilitation from postnatal exposure to lead acetate. Percep. Motor Skills 60 527-536. 

Bemhoft, A., I. Nafstad, P. Engen, and J.U. Skaare. 1994. Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl on physical development, neurobehavior and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rats. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1589-1597. 

Luster, M., et. al., Examination of bone marrow, immunologic parameters and host susceptibility following pre- and postnatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 2, 301, 1980. 

Weisglas-Kuperus, N., et. al., Immunologic effects of background prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in Dutch infants, Ped. Res., 38,404,1995. 

Nagayama, J., et. al., Postnatal exposure to chlorinated dioxins and related chemicals on lymphocyte subsets in Japanese breastfed infants, Chemosphere, 37, 1781, 1998. 

Prenatal and postnatal exposures to fenvalerate reduced prostate and seminal vesicle weights and plasma testosterone levels in male rats [55], A chronic study showed no adverse effects on reproductive tissues at a high dose level of 1,000 ppm [142]. In vivo and in vitro studies with rats and mice suggested that fenvalerate may affect male and female reproduction, possibly due to calcium transport alteration [143-146], One paper reported that fenvalerate affected human sperm count and sperm motility of male workers who were exposed to fenvalerate in a pesticide factory [147]. 

Marlier, L., and Schaal, B. (2005). Human newborns prefer human milk conspecific milk odor is attractive without postnatal exposure. Child Dev. 76, 155-168. 

Reiter L. 1977. Behavioral toxicology Effects of early postnatal exposure to neurotoxins on development of locomotor activity in the rat. J Occup Med 19(3) 201-204. 

The reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test can provide initial information on possible effects on reproduction and/or development and may make it possible to identify a substance as being toxic to reproduction, i.e., the test gives a clear positive result. However, this test offers only limited means of detecting postnatal manifestations of prenatal exposure or effects that may be induced during postnatal exposure. In addition, because of the study design (e.g., relatively small numbers of animals per dose level, relatively short smdy duration), the test will not provide evidence for definite claims of no effects. 

At dosages above 30mg/kg in the diet, chlordane interfered with reproduction in rats and mice, but this effect was reversible after exposure ceased." Pre- and postnatal exposures to chlordane altered the development of the immune system in rodents. A dose-related increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was found in male and female mice fed approximately 60mg/k chlordane for 80 weeks. In rats, increases in the incidences of thyroid follicular cell neoplasms were observed. ... 

The developmental neurotoxicity guideline, accepted by OECD in 2007, has added the important aspect of behavioral effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to chemicals. This development arose from the notion that behavioral disorders in man such as anxiety, depression, phobias, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which appear to show increasing prevalences in western societies, may have a perinatal origin (4, 5). In the absence of causal inferences with respect to chemicals it seems nevertheless prudent to assess in a risk assessment whether such causal relations may exist. 

NT224 Lee, C. Z., F. H. Royce, M. S. Denison, and K. E. Pinkerton. Effect of in utero and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on the developmental expression of pulmonary cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000 14(3) 121-130. 

A 2004 report by the Institute of Medicine s Immunization Safety Review Committee concluded that available evidence favored rejection of a causal relation between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism. In like manner, a recent retrospective cohort study conducted by the CDC did not support a causal association between early prenatal or postnatal exposure to mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines and neuropsychological functioning later in childhood. 

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