Startle response

Bashki, VP, Swerdlow, NR and Geyer, MA (1994) Clozapine antagonises phencyclidine-induced deficits in sensorimotor gating of the startle response. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271 787-794. 

Geyer, MA, Swerdlow, NR, Mansbach, RS and Braff, DL (1990) Startle response models of sensorimotor gating and habituation deficits in schizophrenia. Brain Res. Bull. 25 485-498. 

Rat 1.0 mg/kg BW Reduced amplitude startle response after 3 oral doses 12... 

Crofton, K.M. and L.W. Reiter. 1988. The effects of Type I and II pyrethroids on motor activity and the acoustic startle response in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10 624-634. 

Davis, M., and Sheard, M. H. (1974) Habituation and sensitization of the rat startle response Effects of raphe lesions. Physiol. Behav., 12 425-431. 

Opposite effects of intraventricular serotonin and bufotenin on rat startle responses. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 3 687-691. 

Astrachan, D. 1., and Davis, M. (1981) Spinal modulation of the acoustic startle response The role of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Brain Res., 206 223-228. 

Bridger, W. H., and Mandel, I. J. (1967) The effects of dimethoxyphenylethylamine and mescaline on classical conditioning in rats as measured by the potentiated startle response. Life Sci., 6 775-781. 

Examples of common animal models that have been used over the last decade include the following (a) disruption of the conditioned avoidance response in rats (27), (b) mouse head twitch (43), (c) rabbit hyperthermia (1), (d) cat rage response (244) and cat limb flick (121), (e) mouse ear scratch (135,251), (f) flexor and stepping reflex in chronic spinal dog (140,143), (g) serotonin syndrome in rats (118), (h) tactile startle response in rats (68), and (i) two-lever drug discrimination in rats (84). 

Psilocin has also been the object of considerable investigation using animals as subjects. Much of the initial work with psilocin, as well as other 4-hydroxy-tryptamine derivatives with alterations in the side chain and/or terminal amine, was performed at Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland (29,245). Subsequent investigations have shown that psilocin produces hyperthermia in rabbits (113), induces the head-twitch in mice (43), disrupts acquisition of avoidance behavior in rats (240), increases startle response magnitudes in rats (68), increases limb-flick behavior in cats (120), and produces discriminative stimulus effects in rats similar to those of 5-OMeDMT (59) (93). 

Table 3 Effects on pyrethroids on acoustic startle response...

The effects of pyrethroids on acoustic startle response (ASR) were examined to detect the effects on sensorimotor function. Pyrethroids show various effects on ASR (Table 3). Crofton and Reiter reported that non-cyano pyrethroids showed no effect on the latency, while they increased the amplitude. a-Cyano pyrethroids showed increase or no change on the latency, while various effects on the amplitude were observed [30, 31]. Fenvalerate showed effects similar to non-cyano pyrethroids. In studies by Hijzen et al. [32, 33], the results of permethrin and deltamethrin on the amplitude were consistent with the findings by Crofton and Reiter, but cypermethrin induced contradictory effects. NAK 1901 showed similar effects to other non-cyano pyrethroids. The reason for the inconsistency of effects of pyrethroids on startle response remains unsolved. 

Hijzen TH, Slangen JL (1988) Effects of type I and II pyrethroids on the startle response in rats. Toxicol Lett 40 141-152... 

The (+)-enantiomer, DOV 21,947, is approximately twice as potent at NET and SERT as DOV 216,303. The minimum effective dose in both mouse tail suspension and rat FST models is 5mg/kg [87,88]. The (—)-enantiomer, DOV 102,677, is less potent than DOV 216,303 across all three transporters [89]. It is active in the FST in rats with a minimum effective dose of 20mg/kg. DOV 102,677 is as effective as methylphenidate in reducing the amplitude of the startle response in juvenile mice, without notably altering motor activity. It is reportedly under development for the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism [68]. 

Pinna reflex Preyer s reflex (auditory startle response) Pupillary reflex... 

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