Oilseed crops sunflower

Soybeans are the predominant oilseed crop in the world, providing one-half of the total oilseed production (Table 7). Cottonseed is second. Worldwide, rapeseed is in third place, but this is stiU a minor oilseed in the United States. Peanuts and sunflower are fourth and fifth, respectively. Since becoming estabhshed as a crop in the United States, soybeans have shown phenomenal growth and contribute significantly to the agricultural economy (Table 8). 

The plant of choice which can be used for PHA production will be influenced by a number of factors. Of prime importance is cost, i. e., in which crop will PHA production be cheapest. The answer to this question is likely to be different depending on the agricultural economics of each country. For example, if one considers oilseed crops, rapeseed may be the best crop for Northern European countries and Canada, sunflower for Southern European countries, and soybean for the USA. Other important factors which may influence the choice of target plant are the nature of the metabolic pathway that needs to modified for synthesis of a particular PHA, the procedure used for PHA purification, and the other uses of the crop besides PHA production. 

Uses herbicide to control post-emergent wild oats, wild millets, and other annual grass weeds in wheat, barley, rye, red fescue, and broadleaf weeds in crops such as soybeans, sugar cane, fodder beet, flax, legumes, oilseed rape, sunflowers, clover, lucerne, groundnuts, brassicas, carrots, celery, beet root, parsnips, lettuce, spinach, potatoes, tomatoes, fennel, alliums, herbs, etc. 

The new oilseed crop is grown wherever flax and linseed varieties are currently cultivated (35, 36). The climate in northern Europe is highly suitable for production of Linola, where sunflower and com/maize cannot be produced. Linola seed can be processed by existing crushing plants using similar processing parameters. Linola meal is used for ruminant feed in the same way as linseed meal. 

HIGH-OLEIC SUNFLOWER FROM MUTAGENESIS OF OILSEED CROPS... 

As previously mentioned, the triglycerides found in biomass are esters of the triol, glycerol, and fatty acids (Fig. 3.6). These water-insoluble, oil-soluble esters are common in many biomass species, especially the oilseed crops, but the concentrations are small compared to those of the polysaccharides and lignins. Many saturated fatty acids have been identified as constituents of the lipids. Surprisingly, almost all the fatty acids that have been found in natural lipids are straight-chain acids containing an even number of carbon atoms. Most lipids in biomass are esters of two or three fatty acids, the most common of which are lauric (Cn), myristic (Cu), palmitic (Cia), oleic (Cis), and linoleic (Cis) acids. Palmitic acid is of widest occurrence and is the major constituent (35 to 45%) of the fatty acids of palm oil. Lauric acid is the most abundant fatty acid of palm-kemel oil (52%), coconut oil (48%), and babassu nut oil (46%). The monounsaturated oleic acid and polyunsaturated linoleic acid comprise about 90% of sunflower oil fatty acids. Linoleic acid is the dominant fatty acid in com oil (55%), soybean oil (53%), and safflower oil (75%). Saturated fatty acids of 18 or more carbon atoms are widely distributed, but are usually present in biomass only in trace amounts, except in waxes. 

Annual crops. The third category are annual crops such as rape, sunflower and linseed. Appropriate decisions have to be made annually by the farmer or planter concerning which crops to grow. The choice is usually between oilseed crops and cereals, and the decision is based on agricultural and economic factors. 

Eight major oilseed crops traded in international markets account for more than 95% of the world s vegetable oil. These include soybean, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, rapeseed, flaxseed, copra and palm kernel. Soybean is unique among these oilseed crops in that it also contains about 40% dry weight protein. Because of the large amounts of both oil and protein, soybean has dominated world oilseed production. The US, Brazil and China produce most of the world s soybean crop and as a widely traded commodity it is available throughout the world as a cheap source of quality protein and oil. 

DuPont scientists were the first to clone FAD2 and FADS genes from the soybean (2). They also provided conclusive evidence for the mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, when antisense or cosuppression of the FAD2 gene led to lower n-6 desaturase activity, and the accumulation of oleic acid in glycerolipids. This was demonstrated not only in soybeans, but also in other oilseed crops, such as canola and sunflower (Table 1). These transgenic events... 

Rapeseed ranks fifth in world production of oilseed crops, surpassed only by soybean, sunflower seed, cottonseed, and peanut. It is a major source of dietary fat in many countries. Fifty countries are known to import rapeseed oil and 16 countries are major producers. Rapeseed oil has been used by humans for many centuries as a safe and acceptable dietary source of vegetable oil. 

The rapeseed breeding program at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, was initiated in 1953. Soybeans, sunflowers and safflowers were evaluated as potential edible oilseed crops for several years. Work on these crops was discontinued when it became evident that rapeseed was the best adapted edible oilseed for large-scale production in the Prairie Provinces. Since 1966, the plant breeder at Winnipeg has devoted most of his time to rape-seed. In 1958, a chemist joined the staff. The staff now includes one breeder, a chemist, and a pathologist. 

Plants like soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, peanut, oil palm, and coconut contain a high fraction of lipids and are referred to as oilseed crops. Vegetable oils have a long... 

This oilseed is interesting because it is a halophyte capable of growing under irrigation with seawater (Glenn et al., 1991). Subtropical coastal desserts presently have little value in crop production. An oilseed crop that could grow under these conditions potentiaUy could make this almost worthless land agriculturally productive. The seed contain 28% oil and 31% protein. The fatty acid composition is 8% palmitate, 2% stearate, 12% oleate, 74% linoleate and 3% linolenate. Seed yields were superior to those of sunflower and soybean. 

The domestication of this plant is currently underway in Arizona. It may become a more profitable oilseed crop than sunflower in the high plains area of the south-western United States due to its potentially... 

The bnrgeoning economies of coimtries such as China and India, and their rapidly increasing populations, are influencing the market. The issne of GM crops is yet to be resolved and has the potential to impact even further on both the qnantity and qnality of oil produced. In the EU 27, the major oilseed crop is rape followed by sunflower and a smaller area of soya. The UK is the fourth largest producer of rape after France, Germany and Poland, whereas Romania is the largest stmflower producer with Italy and Romania being the main soya producers. 

Starch and sugar crops like wheat and sugar beet, as well as bioethanol, can be used to produce carbohydrates for use in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and surface coatings. Oilseed crops such as oilseed rape and sunflowers can, as well as biodiesel, produce lubricants, surfactants and slip agents. The main fibre crops such as flax, hemp and cereal straw can be used for making paper, textiles, insulation material and bio-composites for the car industry. 

Lecithin could be produced from any crude vegetable oil, but because of the huge quantities of soybean grown and processed, and because of the relatively high percentage of phosphatides in soybean oil, practically in the world soybean oil is the principal commercial source of natural and modified lecithins as well. The world s consumption of lecithin is estimated at 100,000 tons per year. In western Europe 30,000 tons are produced and more than the half of it is applied as modified lecithins / 7. In Hungary sunflower is the major oilseed crop, on this account sunflower lecithin has been the subject of this study. 

Attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of profitable production on an agricultural scale are the next steps [282]. Poirier s group has proposed a number of oilseed crops that could be targeted for seed-specific PHA production, like rapeseed (closely related to A. thaliana), sunflower and soybean. Some of these are already under investigation by major companies. Depending on whether accumulation levels can be further increased PHAs stored in plants have any deleterious effects on crop value in other respects synthesis of PHAs other than PHB can be induced and extraction of the biopolyesters is feasible at reasonable costs, the cost of PHAs produced in plants might be lowered enough to make them competitive with conventional plastics. But the tendency of arable land to become one of the most precious commodities on Earth [286] will present a formidable obstacle to applications in this field. 

Oilseed crops are major agricultural commodities grown globally. Total world oilseed production was about 450 milhon tonnes during the 2010-2011 crop year (USDA, 2011). It is expected that oilseed production will increase to 460 million tonnes in 2011-2012. About 376 million tonnes of oilseeds were crushed for oil in 2010. Currently rapeseed, canola, soybean, cottonseed, peanuts and sunflower seed are the most important commercial oilseeds. 

Whole sunflower seeds contain about 40% oil and 25% protein. Small black sunflower seeds may contain up to 55% oil. In the 1980s sunflower became a major oilseed crop after the introduction of high yielding varieties. Linoleic (66-72%) and oleic acids (16-20%) are the major fatty acids in oil extracted from regular sunflower oil seeds. Saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic and stearic acids, comprise less than 15% of the total fatty acids in the oil. 

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a member of the Compositea family, is an important oilseed crop worldwide, yielding approximately 45—50% oil with the quality depending on the region (Pereyra-Irujo et al., 2009). Sunflower oilseed and oil... 

P. is one of the most widespread and probably most important food legumes of the tropics and subtropics. It competes as edible oilseed crop with - sesame, sunflower and - soybean. 

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