Linseed varieties

The new oilseed crop is grown wherever flax and linseed varieties are currently cultivated (35, 36). The climate in northern Europe is highly suitable for production of Linola, where sunflower and com/maize cannot be produced. Linola seed can be processed by existing crushing plants using similar processing parameters. Linola meal is used for ruminant feed in the same way as linseed meal. 

Linseed varieties show continuous improvement with regard to yield, shorter and less fibrous straw, earlier and more uruform ripening, less shattering of seed and disease resistance. Current varieties include Brighton, Juliet, Batsman and Festival. They are all brown seeded varieties as opposed to yellow (HGCA UK Descriptive List for Spring Linseed). 

The aromatic extracts have been used in the paint industry to partially replace linseed oil. They are still used for producing printer s ink. In addition, they are finding a variety of applications as plasticizers in the rubber industry or for the manufacture of plastics such as PVC. 

An example of the large variety of monomer structures present in poly(HAMCL) is given in Fig. 2. Also different degrees of unsaturation in poly(HAMCL) can be established relatively easily [3-5,34-39]. For example, the compositional data in Table 1 for the repeat units show that about 16% of the mono-unsaturated double bonds are incorporated when oleic acid is used as feedstock. When tall oil fatty acids are used, over 40 % of the subunits of the resulting poly(HAMCL) are mono- or di-unsaturated, while the total degree of unsaturation of the alkyl side chains of linseed oil-based PHA is even higher (>65%). Moreover, a substantial part (about 30%) of these unsaturated linseed oil-based poly(HAMCL) subunits have up to three double bonds present. 

In varnish manufacture, (he drying oil. i.c.. linseed oil. lung oil. or mixtures of the two. and the resin are cooked together to high temperatures to yield a homogeneous solution for the proper viscosity. The varnish is then thinned with hydrocarbon solvents lo application viscosity. Varnishes were widely used in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They have been replace almost completely by a wide variety uf other products, especially alkyds. epoxy esters, and urethane oils. 

Some Cheddites patented by Street(Ref 2), were prepd by coating K chlorate with "sulfurated oil", which was obtained by heating to 180° ca lOps of sulfur in 90ps of an oil, preferrably linseed oil. Another variety patented by Street(Ref 4) was obtained by incorporating K chlorate with varying relative quantities of a mixt of charcoal and PA with pitch, tar or vegetable oil... 

E)Accdg to Giua(Ref 32,p 398), a variety of Cheddite, prepd by coating the grains of K chlorate with a mixt of linseed oil and an amide was patented in 1903 by Brown Moore for use as a smokeless pro pint... 

Pyridoxine is a component of several enzyme systems involved in N metabolism. In general, diets provide an adequate amount, in the free form or combined with phosphate. Some feedstuffs such as linseed and certain varieties of beans may contain pyridoxine antagonists. Pyridoxine is one of the vitamins that suffers during feed processing, 70-90% of the content in wheat being lost during milling (Nesheim, 1974). A severe deficiency results... 

Solin Oil occurs as a light yellow oil. It is obtained from the seed of certain varieties of the flaxseed plant Linum usitatissi-mum L. (Fam. Linaceae) by mechanical expression and/or solvent extraction, differing from linseed oil in having a linolenic acid (C18 3) content of less than 5%. The oil is refined, bleached, and deodorized to remove free fatty acids, phospholipids, color, odor and flavor components, and miscellaneous non-oil materials. It is liquid and free from visible foreign material at 21° to 21°, but traces of wax may cause the oil to cloud at refrigeration temperatures (2° to 5°) unless removed by winterization. 

Different varieties of flax Linum usitatissimum) are grown for fiber and for oil. Linseed oil is well known as one of the most unsaturated vegetable oils, resulting from its high level of linolenic acid (50-60%, Table 4). As a consequence of this, it oxidizes and polymerizes very readily and is used in paints, varnishes, and inks, in the production of linoleum, and as a sealant for concrete. These uses diminished with the appearance of alternative petroleum-based products, but the natural oil is coming back into favor on environmental grounds (33). 

A second approach, when a diverse gene pool is available, is to interbreed species with appropriate traits by standard seed-breeding processes. This has been done very effectively with species of brassica to yield the modem oilseed rape (canola). If necessary, the gene pool can be extended by mutation resulting from chemical treatment or from irradiation. This may produce novel varieties with interesting traits and is the basis of the low-linolenic lines from linseed, and other examples are described in Section 9.3. 

This range shows that plant lipids as a whole can produce a wide variety of fatty acids, sometimes at very high levels. It follows that the enzymes necessary to produce these less common acids are available somewhere within the plant kingdom. It is then possible to identify these, clone them, and introduce them into species that are already cultivated on a large scale such as rapeseed, soybean, maize (corn), sunflower, and linseed among others (143, 202-204). 

Various pyrazolinones have been reported in patents and publications to have a variety of applications and activities. For example, both 2-pyrazolin-5-ones and 3-pyrazolin-5-ones have been reported to cause abnormal mitosis in plants and to inhibit their growth.1489,1565 Howland667 has reported that a number of 2-pyrazolin-5-ones are effective antioxidants for rubber and linseed oil. The same property is probably responsible for their inhibition of odor formation in synthetic detergents.454 The perchlorate of antipyrine has been patented for use as an explosive.933 Matsumoto953 has found that aminoantipyrine (probably the 4-amino) is an effective catalyst for decarboxylation. 

The second type of composition is exemplified by a wide variety of acrylate- or methacrylate-ester derivatives of conventional ink vehicles combined with a photoinitiator 1. The reaction product of tung oil fatty acids, glycidyl methacrylate, -benzoquinone, and 2-methyl-imidazole mixed with tung oil and treated with tolylene diisocyanate, combined with benzoin methyl ether (26) 2. Glycerol-linseed oil-isophthalic acid alkyd reacted with isocyanate-containing prepolymer (formed by reaction of tolylene diisocyanate, -henzoquinone, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate in ethyl acetate solution) using dibutyltin diacetate catalyst, combined with tung oil, synthetic varnish, and benzoin methyl ether (27) 3. Epoxidized... 

Table 11.11 Characteristics and fatty acid composition of linseed oil (high linolenic acid varieties)...

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