Cereals straw

The straw is heated to about 200 °C, at which point the spring back properties are virtually nil and then the panels are made. The straw is fed through a reciprocating arm extruder and made into a continuous low-density panel. Kraft paper is then glued to the faces and edges of the panels. These panels can then be cut for prefabrication into housing and other structures. The low density of these panels makes them fairly resilient, and test data show that houses built using these panels are especially earthquake resistant. 

For particleboards, straw is reduced by hammer milling or knife milling. For the production of fibre-based products, straw can be pulped by using alkali treatments and refining. 

Applying extra fertiliser or additives has little effect on straw breakdown. Where straw had been incorporated for several years, there appears to be no 

The majority of wheat is autunm sown winter wheat with only a small amount 

Be fi ee of pest infestation, discoloured grains, objectionable smells, ergot and other injurious materials. 

Pesticide residues within limits prescribed by legislation. A passport describing pesticide application and vehicle cleanliness must accompany all loads taken to the mill. 

Specific weight - usually at least 76kg/hl required. 

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There is growing interest in the use of cereal straws such as wheat straw for animal feed after increasing its digestibility by various methods, or as a raw material for paper and board production. This is particularly important in areas with limited forest resources (1). For all these purposes a good physicochemical characterisation of cereal straw is necessary. 

This study was supported by UK. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for the LINK Collaborative Programme(Multi-use Approach to Cereal Straw Fractionation Using Thermomechanical Pulping) in Crops for Industrial Use under Agreement CSA 2054. 

Saprophytic, dark pigmented fungi such as Alternaria spp. can infect a wide range of plant species, especially tissues that are exposed to other biotic or abiotic stressors and older and senescing plant tissues. Also, wet weather conditions favour attack by Alternaria spp. Inoculum of Alternaria and potentially production of altemariol is further enhanced when cereal straw and stubble is left on the soil surface and not sufficiently incorporated into the soil after harvest (direct seeding and minimum tillage systems). 

Dry, straw-type material, such as cereal straws... 

Folke, J. Environmental aspects of bagasse and cereal straw for bleached pulp and paper. Conference on Environmental Aspects of Pulping Operations and Their Wastewater Implications, Edmonton, Canada, 27-28 July 1989. 

For example, when cell walls of maize stem were treated with sodium hydroxide (0.1M) at 20°C for various times to release different amounts of phenolics, a highly significant correlation (r = 0.98) was found between the amount of phenolics released and wall biodegradability (measured by cellulase ) (5). It is of interest to note that alkali treatment of poor quality graminaceous forages (e.g., cereal straw) is used commercially to increase their biodegradability, and thus their feed value for the animal (1). 

Furfural comes from pentose sugars in cereal straws and brans. Furfural is the precursor of furfuryl mercaptan and its disulfide, difurfuryl disulfide, which are both important chemicals for coffee, meat and roasted flavours. They are prepared by the reaction of furfural and hydrogen sulfide (Scheme 13.15). 

As a raw material for large-scale nitration, cellulose from cotton, alfalfa and wood pulp is used. Cellulose from annual or biennial plants such as nettle or cereals (straw pulp) etc. is seldom used. 

PENTOSAN. A complex carbohydrate (hemicellulose) present with the cellulose in many woody plant tissues, particularly cereal straws and brans, characterized by hydrolysis to give five-carbon-atom sugars (pentoses). Thus the pentosan xylan yields the sugar xylose (HOH,C CHOH CHOH CHOH CHO) that is dehydrated with sulfuric acid to yield furfural (C5H4O2). 

Raw materials for the pulp and paper industry can be classified as fibrous and non-fibrous. Wood accounts for over 95 percent of the fibrous raw material (other than waste paper) in the United States. Cotton and linen rags, cotton linters, cereal straws, esparto, hemp, jute, flax, bagasse, and bamboo also are used and in some countries are the major source of papermaking fiber. 

Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance found in nature. It is a linear polymer of glucose, with 500 - 5000 glucose units linked together to give molecules of molecular weight 100,000 to 1,000,000. It is the principal constituent of cell walls in higher plants. It occurs in almost pure form (98%) in cotton fibres and to a lessor extent in flax (80%), jute (60-70%), wood (40-50%) and cereal straws (30-43%). 

World population Cereal straw Herbaceous biomass Unsuited hay Total contribution... 

A thermochemical conversion of a solid biofuel into a fuel gas is an additional operation prior to application, which can be justified by a more efficient and flexible use of the cleaner gas. The pollution and flue gas cleaning problems from direct combustion of dirty coal are expected to be reduced by more efficient and environmentally con atible integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) processes. This strategy for an advanced utilisation of fossil fuels is also suited for solid biofuels like the relatively clean wood, as it is even more suited for the dirtier cereal straw and related herbaceous bio-materials. 

Jain JK, Dixit VK, Varma KC. Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from cereal straw and its evaluation as a tablet excipient. Indian Pharm Sci 1983 45 83-85. 

Silica interferes with the alkali recovery cycle in various forms of alkaline pulping and is in consequence the major reason for the neglect of many readily available forms of lignocellulose, particularly cereal straw, for papermaking. 

Furfural. 2-Fttraucarboxaldehyde 2-furaldehyde pyromucic aldehyde artificial oil of ants "furfuro] . C5-H402 mol wt 96.08. C 62-50%, H 4.19%, O 33.30%. Occurs in some essentia] oils. Prepd industrially from pentosans which are contained in cereal straws and brans. Laboratory prepn from corncobs It. Adams, V. Voorhees, Org. Syn. 

Agro-industrial residues are renewable, costless, and widespread sources of chemicals. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards more efficient utilization of agro-industrial residues such as sugarcane bagasse, cereal straws, com cob, brewer s spent grain, etc. Advances in industrial biotechnology offer actually potential opportunities for economic utilization of... 

Fruiting Substrate and Method of Preparation Cereal straw (normally wheat) balanced to a 75% moisture content. The straw, chopped or whole, is pasteurized by submerging in a 1 60°F. 

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