2,3-Butanediol, production

For the 1,4-butanediol production process, we estimate energy consumption during production, amounts of raw materials, naphtha and heavy oil, hydrogen, and oxygen in the same manner as for succinic acid, referring to the literature [10]. For production of raw materials, naphtha and heavy oil, and production of hydrogen and oxygen required, we use data from JEMAl LCA Ver. 1.1.6 [8]. 

Starch kneading Bionolle production Succinic acid production 1,4-butanediol production Starch, etc. production Raw material transportation Disposal (C02 emission)... 

The third and final step in the process is separation of 1,4 butanediol from the various by-products and recycle of 7-butyrolactone to maximize 1,4 butanediol production, y-butyrolactone can be recycled to extinction if desired. 

The Reppe process is based on acetylene as a raw material. These reactions were developed by Reppe et al. [2]. In accordance with the rise of the petrochemical industry, most processes switched from acetylene to olefins as raw material. However, only the 1,4-butanediol production process continued to rely on the Reppe process. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation developed a totally different production method that uses 1,3-butadiene to produce 1,4-butanediol and THF. Commercial production was launched in 1982 and has been continued ever since. This process ended the over-half-century monopoly of the Reppe method. The Mitsubishi Chemical method has an advantage over the Reppe method with respect to the handling of raw materials and production costs, but in recent years, Chinese companies that can take advantage of inexpensive natural gas and coal have built a new production plant by using the Reppe method and international competition is getting more intense. 

Oxidative acetoxylation of 1,3-butadiene is the key reaction of Mitsubishi Chemical s 1,4-butanediol production method by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (Eq. (10.1)). 

The Reppe process is a method that was developed in the 1940s and typical manufacturers include BASF, Ashland, and Invista. Cu-Bi catalyst supported on silica is used to prepare the 1,4-butynediol by reacting formaldehyde and acetylene at 0.5 MPa and 90-110 C (Eq. (10.2)). The copper used in the reaction is converted to copper(I) acetylide, and the copper complex reacts with the additional acetylene to form the active catalyst. The role of bismuth is to inhibit the formation of water-soluble acetylene polymers (i.e., cuprenes) from the oligomeric acetylene complexes on the catalyst [5a]. The hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol is accom-pUshed through the use of Raney Ni catalyst to produce 1,4-butanediol (Eq. (10.3)). The total yield of 1,4-butanediol production is 91% from acetylene [5b]. Since acetylene is a highly explosive compound, careful process control is necessary. 

Butane-Based Process Selective Oxidation of Butane to Maleic Anhydride 1,4-Butanediol can also be manufactured by hydrogenating maleic acid derivatives obtained by oxidizing -butane. Various methods have been developed, differing in the reaction system or source of maleic anhydride [6]. The selective oxidation of -butane to form maleic anhydride is accomplished in either a fixed or fluid bed reactor containing vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst. Formed maleic anhydride is then converted to the diester via esterification with a lower alcohol such as ethanol (Eq. (10.4)). The diester is hydrogenated in the gas phase in a fixed bed reactor filled with a copper catalyst in the gas phase (Eq. (10.5)). The alcohol is released and recycled. Since y-butyrolactone is a reaction intermediate of 1,4-butanediol, hydrogenation conditions can control the product ratio of y-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. The yield of 1,4-butanediol production is ... 

Mitsubishi Chemical s 1,4-butanediol production process is composed of three main steps, namely, diacetoxylation, hydrogenation, and hydrolysis. These steps are discussed in the following sections [17,18]. 

Fages, J., Mulard, D., Rouquet, J.J., and Wilhelm, J.L., 2,3-Butanediol production from Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, by Bacillus polymyxa ATCC 12321. Optimization of kL a profile, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25, 197-202, 1986. 

Dettwiller B, Dunn IJ, and Prenosil JE. Bioproduction of acetoin and butanediol Product recovery by pervaporation. In Bakish. R., ed., Proceedings of the 5th International Conference. Pervaporation Process in the Chemical Industry. Englewood, NJ Bakish Material Corporation, 1991 308-318. 

Escherichia coli 1,3-Piopanediol production Introduction of genes from the Klebsiella pneumoniae dha regulon into E. coli revealed 1,3-butanediol production 145... 

Figure 4. Metabolic pathway of 2,3-butanediol production from glucose.

Costa, R. S., Hartmann, A., Caspar, R, Neves, A. R., Vinga, S. (2014). An extended dynamic model of Lactococcus lactis metabolism for mannitol and 2,3-butanediol production. Molecular Biosystems, 10, 628-639. 

Kopke M, Mihalcea C, Liew F, Tizard J, Ali M, Conolly J, Al-Sinawi B, Simpson S. (2011) 2, 3-Butanediol production by acetogenic bacteria, an alternative route to chemical synthesis, using industrial waste gas. Appl Environ Microbiol, 11, 5467. 

Bio-based Butanediols Production The Contributions of Cataiysis, Metabolic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology... 

TABLE 10.2 Microbial 2 -Butanediol Production Using Different Bacterial Species... 

Champluvier B, DecaUonne J, Rouxhet PG. (1989a). Influence of sugar source (lactose, glucose, galactose) on 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella oxytoca NRRL-B199. Arch Microbiol, 152, 411 14. 

Cheng KK, Liu Q, Zhang JA, Li JP, Xu JM, Wang GH. (2010). Improved 2,3-butanediol production from corncob acid hydrolysate by fed-batch fermentation using Klebsiella oxytoca. Process Biochem, 45, 613-616. 

JiXJ, Huang H, Du J, Zhu JG, Ren LJ, Hu N, Li S. (2009a). Enhanced 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella oxytoca using a two-stage agitation speed control strategy. Bioresour Technol, 100, 3410-3414. 

Ji XJ, Huang H, Zhu JG, Ren LJ, Nie ZK, Du J, Li S. (2010). Engineering Klebsiella oxytoca for efficient 2,3-butanediol production through insertional inactivation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 85,1751-1758. 

Jung MY, Ng CY, Song H, Lee J, Oh MK. (2012). Deletion of lactate dehydrogenase in Enterobacter aero genes to enhance 2,3-butanediol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 95, 461 69. 

Nie ZK, Ji XJ, Huang H, Du J, Li ZY, Qu L, Zhang Q, Ouyang PK. (2011). An effective and simplified fed-batch strategy for improved 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella oxytoca. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 163, 946-953. 

Nishikawa NK, Sutcbffe R, Saddler JN. (1998). The effect of wood-derived inhibitors on 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biotechnol Bioeng, 31, 624—... 

Perego P, Convert A, Del Borghi M. (2003). Effects of temperature, inoculum size and starch hydrolysate concentration on butanediol production by Bacillus licheniformis. Bioresour Technol, 89, 125-131. 

---