Objective criterion

The understanding of retention and selectivity behaviour in reversed-phase HPLC in order to control and predict chromatographic properties ai e interesting for both academic scientists and manufacturers. A number of retention and selectivity models are the subject of ongoing debate. The theoretical understanding of retention and selectivity, however, still lags behind the practical application of RP HPLC. In fact, many users of RP HPLC techniques very often select stationary phases and other experimental conditions by experience and intuition rather than by objective criteria. 

Source Air Pollution Control Association, "1981-1982 APCA Directory and Resource Book" (special anniversary edition). Adapted from "Air Quality Objectives, Criteria and Regulations in Canada," Pittsburgh, 1981, pp. 160-161. 

Many material properties lend themselves to the authentication of objects the composition and the physical and chemical properties of materials and their decay products provide objective criteria for establishing the authenticity of archaeological objects. Contradictions between the claimed origin or... 

The competitive civil-service system is designed to give candidates fair and equal treatment and to ensure that federal applicants are hired based on objective criteria. Hiring has to be based solely on a candidate s knowledge, skills, and abilities (which you ll sometimes see abbreviated as ksa), and not on external factors such as race, religion, sex, and so on. Whereas employers in the private sector can hire employees for subjective reasons, federal employers must be able to justify their decision with objective evidence that the candidate is qualified. 

Broaden the application to cover reactive hazards resulting from process-specific conditions and combinations of chemicals. Additionally, broaden coverage of hazards from self-reactive chemicals. In expanding PSM coverage, use objective criteria. Consider criteria such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), a reactive hazard classification system (e.g., based on heat of reaction or toxic gas evolution), incident history, or catastrophic potential. 

The more recent editions of NFPA 704 provide some objective criteria (Table 5) for assignment of ratings. The degree of instability hazard is ranked based on ease, rate, and quantity of energy release of the substance (NFPA, 1996). Onset temperature, instantaneous power density (IPD Hofelich et al.,... 

A performance-based system-rather than a list of reactive chemicals -is suggested as another alternative for extending regulatory coverage of reactive hazards. Such a system would consider the risk of reactive chemicals, site-specific (extrinsic) factors such as siting and proximity, and conditions that create potentially reactive situations. Objective criteria such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes, accident history, or number of employees could be used to establish coverage. 

A safety case approach along the lines of the Seveso63 requirements is another possible alternative for determining regulatory coverage. The safety case requires a detailed explanation of why a process is safe to operate. Again, objective criteria such as NAICS codes, thermodynamic properties, or some combination of those criteria previously discussed are used to establish coverage. 

The uptake and elimination half-lives of 176 and 169 min and 27 and 29 min were similar to each other and to half-lives obtained using mussels maintained in the laboratory. Half-lives in the longer term laboratory culture experiments (Table IV) were similar to each other. Similarly, the mantle cavity and body water constants gave no indication of stress (Table II). Mussels used in these experiments were selected by size (ca. 6 g viscera fresh weight) and variability could be reduced by adoption of more objective criteria. Instant Ocean culture does not directly effect antipyrine disposition and laboratory conditions are suitable for maintenance of animals for at least short times. 

The assumptions can be based on previous data or on the results of any available current analysis. What constitutes an appropriate model depends on the mechanism of the drug s action, the assumptions made, and the intended use of the model in decision-making. If the assumptions do not lead to a mechanistic model, an empirical model can be selected, in which case, validating the model s predictability becomes especially important. (Note that nonmechanistic models do not get good reviews from the FDA.) The model-selection process comprises a series of trial-and-error steps, in which different model structures or newly added or dropped components to an existing model can be assessed by visual inspection and can be tested using one of several objective criteria. New assumptions can be added when emerging data justifies it. 

Rand, W. M. (1971) Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods.. /. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 66, 846-850. 

Another approach to defining personal effectiveness is to compare one s own behaviour with that of others who have been Judged effective by some objective criteria. The Verax model of personal effectiveness presented in Box 2.3 is of this kind. 

The audit plan should be consistent with written quality auditing procedures included in the quality manual or other quality system documentation. The plan should include or refer to the objective criteria to be used to evaluate conformance to requirements. The plan should include or refer to other documents that will be used during the audit, including previous audit reports. If the audit is to include the review of batch or production records, such review should be conducted in accordance with a specified sampling plan or other appropriate statistical rationale as specified in a firm s quality system procedures. 

A corrective action is initiated to correct the cause of an identified nonconformity and to prevent it or similar problems from reoccurring. It may include initial and follow-up actions (e.g., conducted after root cause analysis). Current quality system models and the cGMP regulations emphasize corrective actions and require that actions be documented. Under current quality system models, preventive actions include actions taken in response to quality data to address the cause of potential nonconformities to prevent their occurrence. An effective CAPA system therefore includes both reactive and proactive components. The effectiveness of corrective and preventive actions should be evaluated using objective criteria when possible and the evaluation documented. 

Here the word good and goodness are strictly related to the binary classification that a product is good only if it fits all the multi-objective criteria. GLARE could easily be adapted to work with a scalar fitness score. 

Objective criteria which clearly distinguish cluster structures from cellular and mesh structures have been developed by S. F. Shandarin (1983) [65] on the basis of percolation theory, whose usefulness for differentiating structures was conjectured by Ya.B. The percolation of cellular- or mesh-structure objects on a union of r-neighborhoods begins to occur at smaller r than in the case of a system of independent, randomly located points or clusters with the same (average) density. 

For group B samples, the acetaminophen component is relatively homogeneously distributed, but the aspirin and caffeine components are much more heterogeneously distributed. This correlates with what can be visualized in the image of the samples in Fig. 2.8, but provides quantitative and objective criteria for determining sample heterogeneity. 

The quality requirements as well as requirements derived from them are subject to change over time. Besides objective criteria that result from technical advances there are also subjective, political and media generated emotional criteria that also play important roles. 

Because most foods are complex disperse systems, there are great difficulties in establishing objective criteria for texture measurement. It is also difficult in many cases to relate results obtained by instrumental techniques of measurement to the type of response obtained by sensory panel tests. 

Since prehistoric times, humans have attempted to alleviate ailments or injuries with the aid of plant parts or herbal preparations. Ancient civilizations have recorded various prescriptions of this kind. In the herbal formularies of medieval times numerous plants were promoted as remedies. In modern medicine, where each drug is required to satisfy objective criteria of ef cacy, few of the hundreds of reputedly curative plant species have survived as drugs with documented effectiveness. Presented below are some examples from local old-world floras that were already used in prescientific times and that contain substances that to this day are employed as important drugs. 

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