Instant Ocean

Quantitative estimation of ventilation by indirect methods in mussels requires four assumptions (16) a) reduction of concentration results from uptake, b) constant ventilation (pumping) rate, c) uptake of a constant percentage of concentration (first order process), d) homogeneity of the test solution at all times. Our transport studies have utilized antipy-rine (22, 23) a water soluble, stable chemical of low acute toxicity to mussels. It is readily dissolved in ocean water or Instant Ocean and is neither adsorbed nor volatilized from the 300 ml test system. Mussels pump throughout the 4 hour test period and this action is apparently sufficient to insure homogeneity of the solution. Inspection of early uptake and elimination curves (antipyrine concentration as a function of time) prompted use of Coughlan s equation (16) for water transport. 

Figure 1. Antipyrine uptake and elimination data taken from 3 experiments. Six mussels in 300 mL Instant Ocean were used in each. The 1 mL aliquots were taken at the end of each interval.

Figure 2. Semilog plot of antipyrine uptake data of Figure 1. Each set of points is from a separate experiment using 6 mussels in 300 mL Instant Ocean ...

Mussels held at 11°C in aerated Instant Ocean. Antipyrine (6 ViM 1.65 mCi/mmole) in 300 ml. One ml aliquots taken at zero, 120 (uptake), and 240 (elimination) min. Three beakers per set. 

Three sets of experiments have been done to determine the effect of environmental variables on antipyrine disposition. The conditions included 1) animals transferred to either Instant Ocean or ocean gater antipyrine solutions, 2) animals maintained in Instant Ocean in the laboratory for periods up to 31 days, 3) mussels placed into antipyrine solutions which contained low levels of other foreign compounds (aldrin, p-nitroanisole, SKF 525-A). Results are summarized in Tables IV and V. 

Antipyrine uptake and elimination half-Jives were measured in both Pacific Ocean water and Instant Ocean. Measurements were made immediately after collection of the mussels (0 day). 

The uptake and elimination half-lives of 176 and 169 min and 27 and 29 min were similar to each other and to half-lives obtained using mussels maintained in the laboratory. Half-lives in the longer term laboratory culture experiments (Table IV) were similar to each other. Similarly, the mantle cavity and body water constants gave no indication of stress (Table II). Mussels used in these experiments were selected by size (ca. 6 g viscera fresh weight) and variability could be reduced by adoption of more objective criteria. Instant Ocean culture does not directly effect antipyrine disposition and laboratory conditions are suitable for maintenance of animals for at least short times. 

Additions of mussel viscera from animals taken directly rom the ocean and from others held several days in Instant Ocean did not alter rat liver microsomal aldrin epoxidation. In other experiments, inhibition by tissue homogenates has been observed. Homogenates will continue to be screened against rat liver micro-somes until this uncertainty is resolved. Characterization of the inhibitory activity in the homogenates may provide leads for stabilization of the mussel preparations. 

The alkalinity and DIC data were used to calculate the carbonate ion concentration and pH of the culture medium during the second half of the first experiment, and throughout the second experiment (Fig. 3). These calculations used the program C02SYS (Lewis Wallace 1998) with the carbonate dissociation constants of Roy et al. (1993), the calcite solubility of Mucci (1983), and the assumption that the boron/salinity ratio of the culture system water was equal to the seawater ratio. Because much of the culture system water in both years was Instant Ocean, it may not be correct to estimate the total borate concentration from the whole-ocean boron/salinity relationship. However, trends in the concentrations of carbonate system species during each year will be independent of the actual absolute total borate concentration. 

Adult Fish Water 90 mg/L sodium bicarbonate (Sigma or Aquatic Ecosystems), 50 mg/L Instant Ocean Salt (Aquatic Ecosystems), 10 mg/L calcium sulfate. Due to differences in local water sources, these parameters should be used as a guideline in particular, the amount of Sodium Bicarbonate may vary and should be added at a concentration that yields a pH of around 7.5. 

It is widely believed that distilled water is more harmful than seawater which contains dissolved salts. Some workers have used artificial seawater made from Instant Ocean , a mix sold to pet shops for the benefit of tropical fish keepers and containing trace elements [20]. Marine laminate durability is discussed in detail in Chapter 7. 

Chiou and Bradley [81] conducted hydraulic burst and stress rupture tests on 1.28mm thick (58v/o 87/ 35/87° hoop filament wound) tubes made from E-glass fibre/Brunswick LRF-571 DGEBA epoxy resin. There were 6% voids in the laminate. A co-cured nitrile rubber liner was employed, partly to keep the inner surface dry and partly to ensure that pressure could still be maintained if the GRP cracked during the tests. The tests followed 6 months immersion in static simulated sea water (Aquarium Systems Instant Ocean, p = 1023 kgm, pH = 8.2). The tubes had a high (1.5%) moisture uptake, although some of this might have been free water in the voids, but saturation was not reached. 

Two types of SPME fibers (Supelco, Inc.) were evaluated for each analyte 100-pm polydimethyl-siloxane and 85-pm polyacrylate coatings. Samples were then analyzed directly by GC-MS (Varian Saturn IV D) or derivatized on fiber first, then analyzed by GC-MS. The on-fiber derivatization procedure is accomplished by gently coating the SPME fiber with N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) prior to GC-MS analysis. The sample matrices analyzed in this study included soil leachate (sandy loam, Oakley, CA), simulated sea water (Instant Ocean, Aquarium Systems Co., Mentor, OH), and canal water (rain runoff, Livermore, CA). The chemical signatures we selected for the proliferation of CW included dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), 1,4-dithiane, thiodiglycol (TDG), and 2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol (DIAE). 

Our studies utilize granular chitin (lOg/L) from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO in laboratory aquaria containing either sterilized Galveston Bay water, or "Instant Ocean" salt water at salinities of 5-15 o/oo and at temperatures of 23°C( 2 ). Vj cholerae strains were cultured in trypticase soy broth (Difco) for 24 hours and each aquarium was inoculated with 2 ml of the broth culture. Samples were taken and serial dilution cultures made at two day intervals after daily samples for the first 8 days. Representative results of counts with and without sediment in microcosms, in the absence of added chitin are presented in Figures 3 and 4. Preliminary testing to date does not permit complete analysis, but indicates that chitin extends the recoverability of cholerae with or without sediment. 

Egg water for embryos Add 60 mg of Instant Ocean Sea Salt (Instant Ocean Blacksburg, VA, USA) to 1 L of distilled H2O. Supplement with 10 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) for the egg water used in the 96-well screening plate see Note 1). 

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