Nutritional supplements toxicity

As has been pointed out earlier in this chapter, the dietary consumption and historical medicinal use of carotenoids has been well documented. In the modern age, in addition to crocin, 3.7, and norbixin, 3.8, several carotenoids have become extremely important commercially. These include, in particular, astaxanthin, 3.6 (fish, swine, and poultry feed, and recently human nutritional supplements) lutein, 3.4, and zeaxanthin, 3.3 (animal feed and poultry egg production, human nutritional supplements) and lycopene, 3.2 (human nutritional supplements). The inherent lipophilicity of these compounds has limited their potential applications as hydrophilic additives without significant formulation efforts in the diet, the lipid content of the meal increases the absorption of these nutrients, however, parenteral administration to potentially effective therapeutic levels requires separate formulation that is sometimes ineffective or toxic (Lockwood et al. 2003). 

Vincent, J.B. (2003) The potential value and potential toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight-loss agent and muscle development agent, Sports Med., 33, 213-230. Vincent, J.B. (2004) Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 63, 41-47. 

Gene expression inhibition. Chloroform/ methanol extract (1 1) of the dried leaf, in cell culture, was active on hepatoma-Cos-7, IC50 600.0 pg/mL vs TAT-dependent activation of HIV promoter hioassay - . Hepatotoxic activity. The leaf, taken orally by a female adult, was active - . A patient consumed 15 tablets of the leaf per day for 4 months. Approximately 1 year after stopping consumption, liver enzymes returned to normal and fatigue was no longer a complaint - ". Infusion of the dried leaf, taken orally by a female adult at variable doses, was active. The 60-year-old woman who took Lama tridentata for 10 months developed severe hepatitis for which no other cause could be found. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, the patient s condition deteriorated and required orthotropic liver transplantation - " . Dried leaves, administered orally to adults at variable doses, were active. A public warning has been issued by the US Centers for Disease Control based on reports of liver toxicity after use of Lama tridentata tea - " k Dried leaves, administered orally to adults of both sexes at variable doses, were active - ". The plant, administered orally to adults at variable doses, was active - ". Dried leaves, administered orally to adults at variable doses, were active. One case of hepatotoxicity induced by Larrea tridentata taken as a nutritional supplement was reported - ". Thirteen patients were identified for whom Larrea tridentata tincture for internal use was prescribed. Additionally, 20 female and three male patients were identified from whom an extract of Larrea tridentata in castor oil for... 

For other environmental factors, the associations with autoimmunity have been suggested from epidemiologic studies and/or animal models or in vitro studies. Dietary factors such as iodine, nutritional supplements such as omega fatty acids, and food contaminants such as those found in the cooking oil associated with toxic oil syndrome have been linked with autoimmune disorders. Table 32.9 lists a number... 

As noted, the conventional experimental approach Involves the use of dietary extremes, with levels of one or another nutrient that will Induce deficiency or toxicity. Obviously, mineral-mineral ratios occurring In human diets or In the formulation of nutritional supplements bear on the implications of mineral competitions for human nutrition. Thus, In extrapolating from animal data or In designing and interpreting human experiments, the appropriateness of the mineral-mineral ratios to human nutrition Is paramount. 

We favor less toxic remedies for insomnia, such as increased exercise during the day, decreased use of stimulants, especially in the evening (remember to read labels of any pain pills, cold tablets, and other remedies to see if they contain caffeine or other stimulants), relaxation techniques, warm baths, and simple nutritional supplements such as calcium and magnesium tablets, which relax many people when taken at bedtime... 

Trivalent chromium compounds (chromium chloride, chromium nicotinate, and chromium picohnate) are used by patients to enhance weight loss, to increase lean body mass, or to improve glycemic control. Drug histories should include attention to the use of over-the-counter nutritional supplements often regarded as harmless by the pubhc and lay media. The recommended daily allowance of chromium picolinate is 50-200 micrograms, but information about its toxicity is limited. 

Vincent JB. The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med 2003 33 213-30. 

MeHg exposures in humans and animals. Such factors include age, sex, genetics, health status, nutritional supplement use, and diet. Food components considered to be protective against MeHg toxicity in humans also deserve closer study (e.g., wheat bran and vitamin E). 

Creosote Bush. Acute toxic hepatitis has been attributed to ingestion of chaparral, an herbal nutritional supplement product derived from the leaves of the creosote bush (Clark and Reed 1992). A 42-year-old man had icterus and jaundice after consuming three 500 mg capsules of chaparral a day for 6 weeks. Serum chemistry tests showed elevated bilirubin, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), AST, and lactate dehydrogenase. His illness was diagnosed as hepatic dysfunction secondary to chaparral ingestion. 

Vitamins are not synthesized in the body, at least not in the amounts needed. On the other hand, hormones are produced within the body, to be secreted by specific glands. For example, vitamin D in the form called cholecalciferol (D3) is technically a hormone, being synthesized in the skin from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol, a metabolite or metabolic product of cholesterol. On the other hand, an almost identical form called ergocalciferol (D2) is synthetically prepared by the irradiation of ergesterol from yeast, and is the type used in nutritional supplements and fortified foods. It is therefore a vitamin (and large doses are considered toxic). 

As is the case with isotopic labeling of molecules, enriched levels of stable isotopes of elements can be used as tracers. Isotopes of elements can be used as nutritional supplements for plants or animals to trace absorption, assimilation, and metabolism of elements (Allen and Georgitis). Processes such as biomethylation of elements like mercury and arsenic in the environment can be studied using isotopically enriched elements. In some cases, methylated metals are more toxic than the inorganic species, and generally accumulate up the food chain. 

Chromium is probably the most controversial of the transition metal ions in terms of its toxicity and nutritional value (1). While Cr(VI) complexes were one of the first classes of chemicals to be implicated as human carcinogens (2), Cr(III) has generally been considered as one of the least toxic of the transition metals (3). Moreover, the importance of Cr(lll) in nutrition and diabetes and hence, its value as a dietary supplement, are a matter of often heated debate (3-6). The latter is fueled by the fact that Cr nutritional supplements for humans and animals forms the basis of a multimillion dollar industry (6) hence scientific debate has been muddied by competing health and commercial interests. The controversy over Cr(Vl) is also driven by these competing interests, since Cr(VI) is the most widely used carcinogen in the workplace and, for many applications, it is still the best or only reagent that is suitable for important... 

Foti, R.S., L.J. Dickmann, J.A. Davis, et al. 2008. Metabolism and related human risk factors for hepatic damage by usnic acid containing nutritional supplements. Xenobiotica 38(3) 264-280. Guo, L., Q. Shi, J.L. Fang, et al. 2008. Review of usnic acid and Usnea barbata toxicity. /. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. 26(4) 317-338. 

In particular, the DCF systems are suitable for the chemical process that involves toxic and explosive chemicals to reduce the possibility of chemical accidents. The DCF system modularized by the potable components can be also deployed in the extraordinary circumstances or special market. For example, the DCF system is a useful system to produce drinkable water and emergent medicines in the disaster area or war zone or nutritional supplements in the starvation area. The total automation will make this easier to operate and distribute products over the areas. Also, the small size of DCF systems can contribute to the decentralization of industry. The storage and transportation cost would be reduced and local residents would produce their own chemicals on their own demand near their home. Moreover, the compact and versatile DCF systems that can be readily carried to spaceship may contribute for accelerating new pursuit on research and development in the fields of space science and technology. 

Supra-nutritional supplementation of meat-producing animals with vitamin E has been shown to improve meat product shelf-life. Tocopherol is a fat-soluble vitamin and the question of potential toxicity must be considered. Bendich and Machlin (1988) have reviewed studies associated with megasupplementation of vitamin E and concluded that toxicity of this nutrient is low. High intakes of vitamin E do not appear to be mutagenic, carcinogenic or teratogenic. However, the authors noted that vitamin E supplementation can exacerbate a pre-existing vitamin K deficiency. In studies... 

CERES Chemical Evaluation and Risk Estimation System (CERES). US FDA/ CFSAN develops a knowledge base of nutritional supplements. Knowledge base includes a toxicity database of food ingredients, pharmaceuticals, agricultural and industrial chemicals, structural alerts and QSAR-based toxicity prediction http //www.accessdata.fda.gov/FDATrack/track-proj program=cfsan id=CFSAN-OFAS-Chemical-Evaluation-and-Risk-Esti-mation-System... 

Aldosary BM, Sutter ME, Schwartz M, Morgan BW. Case series of selenium toxicity from a nutritional supplement. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012 50(l) 57-64. 

SPECIALTY FOODS AND HIGHLY POTENT NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS. It is fortunate that most consumers are not able to purchase pure mineral salts and to mix them into their foods, because without special measuring equipment and experience in preparing such mixtures, it is very easy to add toxic excesses of trace elements like iodine and selenium to foods. However, even some of the products that are sold by health food stores may have undesirable, or even toxic effects, because they are very rich in certain minerals. The potentially hazardous products may be considered as highly potent nutritionai suppiements, in order to distinguish them from the less potent specialty foods, which are usually safe in the amounts consumed. Table M-27 shows the approximate amounts of these minerals that are provided by various specialty foods and nutritional supplements. 

Therefore, it could be concluded that, nano elemental Se has a very special characterization, where Nano-Se, which is bright red, highly stable and of nano size in the redox state of zero (Se°), is nanoparticles manufactured for use in nutritional supplements and developed for applications in medical therapy. It has been reported that Nano-Se have a higher efficiency in upregulating selenoenzymes and exhibit less toxicity than selenite. There is still open question that, the biological effects of this form of Se in higher plants. 

---