Mineral mineralization

Alum Borax Natron Iron vitriol Mineral Mineral Mineral Mineral or synthetic Sulfate of aluminum and other metals (e.g., potassium alum) Hydrated sodium borate Natural mixture sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate Hydrated iron sulfate... 

Decay, pollutants, atmosphere Decay, minerals, (phosphate) Minerals, pollutants Minerals Minerals Minerals... 

Minelbite Mineral dusts Mineral feed Mineral fibers Mineral fillers Mineralization Mineralizers... 

Fig. 1. Effect of particle size on the flotation recovery of a sulfide mineral. Mineral chalcocite [2112-20-9J, CU2S reagent potassium ethyl xanthate,...

Ores which comprise a variety of minerals are, as a rule, heterogeneous. An ore body is usually named for the most important mineral (s) in the rock, referred to as value minerals, mineral values, or simply values. Some minerals contain metals, which are extracted by concentration and smelting. Other minerals, such as diamond, asbestos (qv), quartz (see Silicon COMPOUNDS), feldspars, micas (see Mica), gypsum, soda, mirabillite, clays (qv), etc, maybe used either as found, with some or no pretreatment, or as stock materials for industrial compounds or building materials (qv) (3). 

The ocean is host to a variety and quantity of inorganic raw materials equal to or surpassiag the resources of these materials available on land. Inorganic raw materials are defined here as any mineral deposit found ia the marine environment. The mineral resources are classified generally as iadustrial minerals, mineral sands, phosphorites, metalliferous oxides, metalliferous sulfides, and dissolved minerals and iaclude geothermal resources, precious corals, and some algae. The resources are mosdy unconsoHdated, consoHdated, or fluid materials which are chemically enriched ia certain elements and are found ia or upon the seabeds of the continental shelves and ocean basias. These may be classified according to the environment and form ia which they occur (Table 1) and with few exceptions are similar to traditional mineral deposits on land. 

In the previous paragraph, it has been stated that minerals have the same structure but different compositions (phenomenon of isomorphism of minerals) while some minerals have the same composition but different structures (phenomenon of polymorphism of minerals). Mineral composition and structure are both important in studying and classifying minerals. The major class of minerals - based on composition and structure - include elements, sulfides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, oxides, phosphates, and silicates. The silicate class is especially important, because silicon makes up 95% of the minerals, by volume, in the Earth s crust. Mineral classes are divided into families on the basis of the chemicals in each mineral. Families, in turn, are made of groups of minerals that have a similar structure. Groups are further divided into species. 

The colour is the most obvious and conspicuous external property of a large number of minerals. Minerals are distinguished by an extraordinary variety of colours and shades of varying richness and intensity. Some mineral species are characterised by a constant colour, which enables one to detect them almost unerroneously. Just as an example, mention may be made of a sulphidic mineral of copper, bomite (Cu5FeS4). The best identifying feature of this mineral is its purplish-blue tarnish over a bronze colour ( peacock ore). 

KEYWORDS till, geochemistry, indicator mineral, mineral exploration, glacial sediment... 

Table 2. Significant differences between median (mg/L) background (BACK) and mineralized(MINER) area in ground and surface water in the Ruby Creek Watershed...

Hydrous Minerals Minerals that contain water within their matrices. 

In addition to providing the means for calculating the isotopic compositions of ancient fluids based on analysis of minerals, mineral-fluid isotope fractionation factors provide an opportunity to combine fractionation factors when there is a common substance such as water. A fundamental strategy for compiling databases for isotopic fractionation factors is to reference such factors to a common substance (e.g., Friedman and O Neil 1977). For example, the quartz-water fractionation factor may be combined with the calcite-water fractionation factor to obtain the quartz-calcite fractionation factor at some temperature. It is now recognized, however, that the isotopic activity ratio of water in a number of experimental determinations of mineral-fluid fractionation factors has been variable, in part due to dissolution of... 

In the case of mineral-mineral interactions, a mineral with higher potential acts as a cathode, while a mineral with lower potential acts as an anode. For a multiple mineral/grinding media(steel)system. The galvanic interactions become more complex than the two-electrode systems. The galvanic reactions among multielectrode systems are also governed by the mixed potential principle as shown in an example of polarization curves involving pyrite, pyrrhotite and mild steel in Fig. 1.9 (Pozzo and Iwasaki, 1987). 

Wang, X., and Xie, Y., 1990. The effect of grinding media and environment on the surface properties and flotation behaviour of sulphide minerals. Miner. Process Extra Metall. Rev., 7 49 - 79... 

Yelloji Rao M. K. and Natarajan, K. A., 1989b. Electrochemical effects of mineral-mineral interactions on the flotation of chalcopyrite and sphaterite. Inert. J. Miner. Process, 27 279-293... 

Detailed vibrational calculations (Bottinga, 1968 Becker, 1971 Kieffer, 1982) as well as accurate experiments (Clayton et al., 1989 Chiba et al., 1989, and references therein) and semiempirical generalizations (Zheng, 1991, 1993a,b) have been made since the work of Urey (1947) and ensure satisfactory knowledge of the fractionation properties of minerals and water and mineral-mineral... 

Calculation of reduced partition normalized fractionation factors, through the modified increment method, allows the derivation of T-dependent mineral-mineral oxygen isotopic fractionations expressed in the polynomial form... 

Table 11.12 Oxygen isotope fractionation in quartz-mineral, mineral-water, and calcite-mineral couples, according to modified increment method of Zheng (1991, 1993a,b).

Mineral Quartz-Mineral Mineral-Water Calcite-Mineral... 

The physiochemical environment of the earth has placed certain elements in common association and produced a variety of minerals. Minerals, classified according to a well-known and well-documented system based on the chemistry of the compounds, have been presented in several compendiums (e.g., Strunz, 1941 Palache, Berman and Frondel, 1944). Several glossaries aid in identifying minerals and cross-reference the more than 6000 names that have been used for the approximately 3000 known minerals (Embrey and Fuller, 1980 Fleischer, 1987). Each year about 100 new minerals are proposed to the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, of which about half are accepted as new species (Skinner and Skinner, 1980). 

The following list is a presentation of all minerals, mineral series, and mineral groups described in standard mineralogy texts and references as occurring in fibrous, acicular, or needlelike forms. The presentation follows the outline given in The System of Mineralogy of J. D. Dana and E. S. Dana (7th ed. Palache, Berman, and Frondel, eds.). The silicates and aluminosilicates follow the classifications of Rock Forming Minerals (Deer, Howie, and Zussman, eds.). 

To enable detection of fine mineral particles (<20pm),back-scattered electron imaging was used. Once the minerals were detected, EDS was used for analysis. Selected lignite particles were scanned to determine the distribution of minerals. Mineral types were then differentiated by variation in back scatter intensity and identified using EDS. The relative proportions (major, minor) and size and spatial distributions of the minerals were recorded. The overall surface of the polished section was viewed and massive minerals were analyzed and their distribution and size recorded. 

Since most chemists, biochemists, and chemical engineers are now involved in some phase of polymer science or technology, some have called this the polymer age. Actually, we have always lived in a polymer age. The ancient Greeks classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral. Minerals were emphasized by the alchemists, but medieval artisans emphasized animal and vegetable matter. All are largely polymeric and are important to life as we know it. 

Freer R. and Dennis P.F. (1982) Oxygen diffusion studies, I a preliminary ion microprobe investigation of oxygen diffusion in some rock-forming minerals. Mineral. Mag. 45,179-192. 

Kalyoncu, R. S. 2000. Coal Combustion Products, Metals and Minerals, Minerals Yearbook. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

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