Omega-9 fatty acid

In addition to its essentiality, long chain (0-3 fatty acids (EPA DHA) have attracted a great deal of attention purred by the classical pt er on haemostatic fiinction and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. 1979 , published in 1979 by Dyerberg and Bang (The Lancet, ii, 433-435). This paper has changed the face of fatty acid bi(x hemistry, moving the discussion much closer to the use of fatty acids for not only reducing the risk-ass(x iated factors as part of primary prevention but also for therapeutic intervention. The level of scientific interest and the number of papers that have appeared over the last few years clearly illustrates the importance of this classical paper. 

Since this publication, numerous original research papers and reviews have been written on this subject, specifically in relation to platelet fimction (Reviews 42-51). Similarly, many reviews on topics such as blcxxl lipids and lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cytokine pr xlucts and microcirculation (Reviews 52-59). Because of the enormity of the number of papers in the area, a sincere attempt has been made to include key citations that summarize new findings in regards to the effects of b -3 fatty acids on platelet-mediated hemostatic and thrombotic functicms. 

In their classical paper, Dyerberg and Bang (1979) documented that Eskimos have significantly Icmger bleeding times (8.1 vs. 4.8, as shown in Table 2) (60). Their platelets also contained hig)i levels of (o-3 fatty acids, with EPA (20 5, o -3) almost 

The data on Eskimos living in rural southwestern Alaska who depend on fish and marine mammals as major sources of subsistence food, supports a similar trend in plasma (0-3 fatty acids and bleeding times. The ratios of EPA (20 5, o-3) to AA (20 4, (0-6) in adult coastal- and river-village participants were 14 and 9 times those of n(Mi-Native adults, respectively (61). Human studies conducted in populations of Eskimos, Jjqianese, and Caucasians since 1970 have been reviewed elsewhere (43). It is generally observed that intake of long (diain (0-3 fatty acids do affect bleeding times in human subjects. 

Linoleic acid (18 2, (0-6) Arachidonic acid (20 4, (0-6) Alpha-linolenic acid (18 3, (o-3) Eicosapentaenoic acid (20 5,co-3) D(X50sapentaenoic acid (22 5, (0-3) Docosahexenoic acid (22 6, (0-3) 

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A USDA report indicates that between 1967 and 1988, butter consumption remained stable at 2 kg per capita, margarine dropped from 5.1 to 4.7 kg, and measured total fat intake per day dropped from 84.6 to 73.3 g (14). This study also projects that the reduced consumption of tropical oils is only temporary and will return to former use levels, possibly even higher. One reason for this projected rise in tropical oil consumption is the knowledge of the beneficial effects of medium-chain length acids high in lauric oils. There is a keen interest in omega-3 fatty acids, as well as linoleic acid, contained in fish oils. 

Cold-water frsh like salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have a double bond three carbons in from the noncarboxyl end of the chain and have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels. Draw the structure of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, a common example. (Eicosane = C20H42)... 

Connor WE The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids cardiovascular disease and neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997 8 1. 

Omega-3 fatty acids and increased prostacyclin synthesis. 

Stonyfield farms, a commercial processor in the United States, has initiated a "Greener Cow Project" to decrease CIT4 emissions by feeding cows a diet rich in natural omega-3 sources http / www.stonyfield.com/ search/index.jsp q=greener-icow x=12 y=8. Preliminary results indicate a reduction of enteric emissions by an average of 12% and an increase in omega-3 fatty acids in milk. 

Omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosa-hexaenoic acid), the predominant fatty acids in the oil of cold-water fish, lower triglycerides by as much as 35% when taken in large amounts. Fish oil supplements may be useful for patients with high triglycerides despite diet, alcohol restriction, and fibrate therapy. This effect may be modulated thru PPAR-a and a reduction in apolipoprotein B-100 secretion. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce platelet aggregation and have... 

Speaking of food that is good for the body, scientists have also found an acid (called docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA) present in fish that they believe plays a very important role in the way the brain functions. DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid. About 60% of the human brain is made up of fat, and most of that appears to be DHA fat. 

Elner, VM, 2002. Retinal pigment epithelial acid lipase activity and lipoprotein receptors Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 100, 301-338. 

Lopez-Bote C.J., Sanz Arias R., Rey A.I, Castano A., Isabel B. and Thos J. (1998). Effect of free-range feeding on omega-3 fatty acids and alpha tocopherol content and oxidative... 

Increased awareness by consumers of the link between an increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids and a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, has led to an increased demand for products with a higher content of these... 

Hoffman, D. R. and Birch, D. G. Omega 3 fatty acid status in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. World Rev. Nutr. Diet 83 52-60,1998. 

Serhan, C. N.,Hong, S., Gronert, K., Colgan, S. P., Devchand, P. R. and Mirick, G. Resolvins a family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals. /. Exp. Med. 196 1025-1037, 2002. 

Fish Oils (Marine-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids)... 

Deficiency of essential amino acid precursors in the diet can cause a dysregulation of neurotransmitter activity (e.g, L-tryptophan deficiency causes a decrease in 5-HT and melatonin synthesis and activity). Deficiency in essential fatty acids (e.g, omega-3 fatty acids) can cause a dysregulation of neurottansmitter... 

Vardar, S. et al., Individual and combined effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and omega-3 fatty acid on endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats, J Periodontol, 76, 99, 2005. 

Membrane polyunsaturation also has potential in the treatment of human disease and trials of this approach are somewhat further along than with NO. For example, highly polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are being... 

KarmaU, R. A., Marsh, J., and Fuchs, C., 1984, Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on growth of a rat mammary tumor,/. iVotZ. Cancer Inst. 73 457-461. 

Tisdale, M. J., and Dhesi, J. K., 1990, Inhibition of weight loss by omega-3 fatty acids in an experimental cachexia model, Cancer Pei. 50 5022-5026. 

Lim, G.P., Calon, F., Morihara, T., et al. (2005) A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid decosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model. J. Neurosci., 23, 3032-3040. 

There is one nomenclature that is commonly used, particularly in news articles intended for the lay audience. It is useful to understand it. Here families of fatty acids are collected by designating where the first double bond occurs, starting at the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule, frequently known as the omega (co) carbon atom. Thus, the omega-3 fatty acids look hke ... 

Thus, a-hnolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are examples of omega-3 fatty acids, whereas y-hnoleic acid and arachidonic acid provide examples of omega-6 fatty acids... 

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