Brain tumours

Yu JJ, Sun X, Yuan X, Lee JW, Snyder EY, Yu JS (2006) Immunomodulatory neural stem cells for brain tumour therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 6 1255-1262... 

Seidman, H., Selikoff, l.J. and Hammond, E.C. (1982). Mortality of brain tumours among asbestos insulation workers in the United States and Canada. Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. 381, 160-171. 

Saadoun, S., Papadopoulos, M. C., Davies, D. C., Bell, B. A. and Krishna, S. Increased aquaporin 1 water channel expression in human brain tumours. Br. J. Cancer 87 621-3,... 

Davies, D. C. blood-brain barrier breakdown in septic encephalopathy and brain tumours. J. Anat. 200 639-46, 2002. 

Garkavtsev I, Kozin SV, Chernova O, Xu L, Winkler F, Brown E, Barnett GH, Jain RK (2004) The candidate tumour suppressor protein ING4 regulates brain tumour growth and angiogenesis. Nature 428 328-332... 

Steindorf K, Schlehofer B, Becher H, Hornig G, Wahrendorf J (1994) Nitrate in drinking water A case-control study on primary brain tumours with an embedded drinking water survey in Germany. Int J Epidemiol 23 451 57... 

Most studies were performed with hyperosmolar solutions. Hypertonic disruption is under clinical evaluation for enhanced delivery of small molecular weight cytostatic agents to brain tumours. Technically, the procedure is performed as a high-flow short-term infusion of 25% mannitol or arabinose under general anaesthesia. The underlying mechanism is a sequelae of endothehal cell shrinkage, disruption of tight junctions and vasodilatation by osmotic shift [72]. 

As an alternative to targeting brain tumours which express the TfR, the transferrin approach can be used for the delivery of fusion proteins which bind to pharmacological receptors inside the central nervous system. An example of this is the construct consisting of nerve growth factor (NGF) and transferrin described in Section 11.8.2.3. The transferrin moiety in this type of construct will enable it to enter the brain, upon which the drug moiety will act by binding to its receptor. This approach seems especially suitable for compounds that cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, such as peptides and other hydrophilic substances. 

Brain BBB endothelia Transferrin Anti-Transferrin-R Ab Anti-Insulin-R Ab Rat, man Rat Rat CNS infections Parkinson s disease Alzheimer disease Brain tumours... 

The fluorescence-guided identification of human brain tumours and tumour margins during surgery was evaluated to facilitate the accuracy and safety of tumour resection and minimize the probabifity of tumour recurrence. For this purpose, ICG [136], fluorescein [137], 5-aminofluorescein albumin conjugate [131], and ALA [138] have been studied in selected patients or extended clinical trials. 

Rees J. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging of brain tumours. Curr Opin Neurol 2003 16 643-50. 

Douple EB, Richmond RC, Logan ME. Therapeutic potentiation in a mouse mammary tumour and an intracerebral rat brain tumour by combined treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) and radiation. J Clin Hematol Oncol 1977 7 585-603. 

Diedrich U, Lucius J, Baron E, et al. Distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor gene amplification in brain tumours and correlation to prognosis. J Neurol 1995 242 683-688. 

Smuts, C. M., H. Y. Tichelaar, M. A. Dhansay, M. Faber, J. Smith, and G. F. Kirsten. Smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy affects preterm infants docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status. Acta Paediatr 1999 88(7) 757—762. Filippini, G., M. Farinotti, G. Lovicu, P. Maisonneuve, and P. Boyle. Mothers active and passive smoking during pregnancy and risk of brain tumours in children. Int J Cancer 1994 57(6) 769-774. 

It is rapidly absorbed from GIT after oral administration and is completely and rapidly metabolised. It is indicated in Hodgkin s disease, brain tumour, lung carcinoma, solid tumours and malignant melanoma. 

Relling MV, Rubnitz JE, Rivera GK et al. High incidence of secondary brain tumours after radiotherapy and antimetabolites. Lancet 1999 354 34-39. 

The main drugs in this group are lomustine, carmustine, semustine and streptozotocin. The nitrosoureas are lipophilic and cross the blood-brain barrier. They are therefore effective against brain tumours. They cause a severe cumulative bone marrow depression that starts within 1-2 months of treatment. Lomustine and carmustine cause direct injury to the pulmonary epithelium leading to alveolar fibrosis. Streptozotocin has little bone marrow toxicity, but destroys the pancreatic 3 cells, causing diabetes mellitus. 

Three case-control studies have examined the risk of cancer associated with dichloromethane exposure and provided data adequate for evaluation. One observed an association between estimated intensity, probability and duration of exposure and the risk of astrocytic brain tumours. A second, which focused on female breast cancer, observed an elevated risk in the highest exposure category but no association with probability of exposure. The third indicated an increased risk of rectal cancer and possibly lung cancer. 

Austin and Schnatter (1983a) conducted a cohort study of 6588 white male workers employed at a petrochemical plant in the United States between 1941 and 1977. The study was conducted to investigate a cluster of brain tumours that was reported earlier in the same population (Alexander et al., 1980). There were 765 deaths (SMR, 0.8) and 150 cancer deaths (SMR, 0.9) observed. A greater than expected number (based on national rates) of brain cancers (SMR, 1.6 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-2.8, based on 12 cases) was observ ed. Austin and Schnatter (1983b) also conducted a nested case-control study to examine the relationship between the risk of primary brain tumours and exposures at the facility. No significant association with 1,2-dichloroethane exposure was observed. 

Five cohort studies and one nested case-control study of brain tumours have exa-... 

An association between estimated exposure to diethyl sulfate and risk for brain tumours was suggested in a case-control study of workers at a petrochemical plant in the United States. Seventeen glioma cases and six times as many controls were included and an odds ratio of 2.1 (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-7.7) was obtained a parallel study of 21 cases (including the 17 of this other study) and with another set of controls showed no clear increase in risk, however (lARC, 1992a). 

Robbiano, L. Brambilla, M. (1987) DNA damage in the central nervous system of rats after in vivo exposure to chemicals carcinogens correlation with the induction of brain tumours. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutag., 7, 175-181... 

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