Substance abuse nicotine

Jaffe JH Drug dependence opioids, nonnarcotics, nicotine (tobacco), and caffeine, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th Edition, Vol 1. Edited by Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Baltimore, Williams c Wilkins, 1989, pp 642-686 Jaffe J, Knapp CM, Ciraulo DA Opiates clinical aspects, in Substance Abuse A Comprehensive Textbook. Edited by Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, et al. New York, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, pp 158—165 Jarvis MA, Schnoll SH Methadone use dming pregnancy. NIDA Res Monogr 149 58— 77, 1995... 

Kozlowski, L. T., Henningfield, J. E., Keenan, R. M., Lei, H., et al., Patterns of alcohol, cigarette, and caffeine and other drug use in two drug abusing populations. Special Issue Towards a broader view of recovery Integrating nicotine addiction and chemical dependency treatments. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 1993 Mar-Apr Vol 10(2), 171-179, 1993. 

Cannabis carries some potential for dependence and addiction. Compared to cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine, cannabis has lesser addictive potential and withdrawal effects, but some users do develop compulsive and maladaptive use patterns that require treatment (Taylor 1998). Individuals with underlying psychopathology or tendencies for substance abuse should be particularly leery of using cannabis in the interests of avoiding compulsive use patterns. 

Within this Held, most of the research and results have been focused on the effects of drug therapy on the disorders induced by alcohol, and by the abuse of opiates. For a broader discussion of substance abuse see Chapter 18. In all instances of alcohol or drug abuse the first objective is to wean the patients from the addictive substance, treating or preventing the effects of withdrawal for those substances which cause physical dependence (alcohol, nicotine, opiates, caffeine, certain psychotropic agents such as benzodiazepines, possibly antidepressants). The second phase is the prevention of recurrence or relapse, which relies on a combination of social support, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy where available. In this respect, alcoholism is exemplary. 

The phrases substance abuse and drug abuse are often applied to the use of an illegal or illicit chemical substance (e.g., LSD, heroin). However, these terms may be applied when a legally obtainable medication is used excessively and for unintended purposes or is diverted to someone else s use. Also, some legal substances (e.g., nicotine, alcohol) are used to the detriment of the individual. Inappropriate use, or abuse, is... 

Jarvik, Murray E., and Nina G. Schneider. 1992. "Nicotine." In Substance Abuse A Comprehensive Textbook, edited by Joyce H. Lowinson, Pedro Ruiz, Robert B. Millman, and J. G. Langrod. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. 

Nicotine enhances dopamine release by acting on presynaptic facilitatory heteroreceptors located on the terminal regions of dopaminergic neurons (Marshall et al. 1997). It is tempting to associate these effects of nicotine and the fact that tobacco dependence, the most common substance abuse disorder, is due to nicotine. Nicotine... 

The DRD2 and ANKK1 genes are located approximately 10,000 nucleotides apart on chromosome llq22-23. Variants in both genes have been found to be associated with several psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, as well as with substance abuse disorders, including alcohol, heroin, nicotine, cocaine, opioid, gambling, methamphetamine, and polysubstance addiction [30-37]. 

Benzodiazepine abuse is different from other substance abuse disorders (opiates, amphetamines, and nicotine) because benzodiazepines cause much less euphoria and do not activate the classic reward systems that are activated with other substances (mainly the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic projections). In fact, most people do not find the subjective effects of benzodiazepines pleasant beyond their therapeutic anxiolytic or sleep-inducing effects. Therefore, abuse of benzodiazepines is usually secondary to other substance-abuse disorders, with the benzodiazepine being taken for relief from symptoms induced by the use of another drug. As potential drugs of abuse, short-acting benzodiazepines seem to be preferred among addicts because of the rapidity of their onset of action (aiprazoiam, fiunitrazepam, and iorazepam). 

Is the nicotine patch an effort to modify human mental activity Will a brain Polypill be developed to treat persons susceptible to substance abuse, such as cocaine We now know that cocaine and methamphetamine flood the brain with dopamine and other neurotransmitters,producing a"high. Methamphetamine (meth),prescribed for patients with severe attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or narcolepsy, is widely abused. Crystal meth is the crystalline form of the drug that is smoked. It is difficult to imagine that there will ever be supplementation of a communal water supply, but we should remember that salt is iodized, there is fluoride in water and iron and folic acid are supplements in many foods. 

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, No date. Synar amendment Protecting the nation s youth from nicotine addiction, http //prevention.samhsa.gov/tobacco/. 

In the absence of relevant data or controlled studies, there is a spectrum of practice regarding excluding subjects with a history of abuse or dependence. At one end are investigators who would exclude any subject with a family or lifetime personal history of any substance abuse or dependence (perhaps with the exception of nicotine dependence). At the other end are investigators who would exclude only subjects with current substance dependence. As with many other subject eligibility criteria for clinical research, there is usually an inverse relationship between strictness of the criterion and the availability of ehgible subjects to enroll. 

The changes in blood flow velocity observed in our study of marijuana abusers may be due to abuse of substances other than marijuana, since cocaine abusers also show abnormalities in TCD measurements (55). However, the marijuana abusers we recruit for our studies report no substance abuse except for alcohol and nicotine. In fact, prospective subjects who reported other substance abuse or had urine tests positive for other substance were rejected from our marijuana studies. Subjects with excessive use of alcohol are also screened out of our studies. 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

Toluene, volatile nitrites, and anesthetics, like other substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, and heroin, are characterized by rapid absorption, rapid entry into the brain, high bioavailability, a short half-life, and a rapid rate of metabolism and clearance (Gerasimov et al. 2002 Pontieri et al. 1996, 1998). Because these pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with the ability of addictive substances to induce positive reinforcing effects, it appears that the pharmacokinetic features of inhalants contribute to their high abuse liability among susceptible individuals. 

Pontieri FE, Tanda G, Orzi F, et al Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 382 235-237, 1996 Pontieri FE, Zocchi A, Orzi F Mapping of functional changes associated with administration of substances of abuse in the rat. Funct Neurol 13 311-326, 1998 Preble E, Laury GV Plastic cement the ten cent hallucinogen. Int J Addict 2 271— 272, 1967... 

The abused substances covered in this chapter include nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, and opioids. While many more substances can be and have been abused, these drugs are among the most popular. 

Le Houezec J. (1998). Nicotine abused substance and therapeutic agent. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 23(2) 95-108. 

The abuse liability of nicotine varies widely as a function of its formulation and speed of delivery. For example, in a cross-study comparison of abuse liability data, Henningfield and Keenan concluded that abuse liability was related to the speed of nicotine delivery and the nature of the nicotine formulation (Henningfield and Keenan 1993). This finding is consistent with data concerning other substances of abuse (Stitzer and De Wit 1998). Every medicinal nicotine product approved by the FDA has been considered for potential labeling and restrictions based on its presumed abuse liability. 

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