National Safety Council establishment

I served as chair of a committee at the National Safety Council whose efforts resulted in the Council creating an Institute For Safety Through Design. In the exploratory work to establish the basis for a proposal to create the Institute, I needed to collect actual cases where initiatives undertaken by safety professionals to resolve injury and illness problems also resulted in improved productivity and cost efficiency. 

The National Safety Council was established in 1913. It was the first volunteer group organized initially for industrial safety. It was formed as a direct result of increasing public pressure, federal inquiries, and rising injury rates. 

Heinrich recognized that other studies on accident causation identified both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions as causal factors with almost equal frequency. Those studies produced results different from the 88-10-2 ratios. For example, the National Safety Council s Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations Administration and Programs, 8th ed., cites two historical studies establishing that most accidents have multiple causes. 

Decision makers at the National Safety Council (NSC) gave authority to this author to form a committee to study the feasibility of the NSC promoting the idea of having safety and environmental needs incorporated in the design process. In 1995, the outcome was that the NSC established the Institute for Safety through Design. 

T or F—Standards for fire protection are established by the National Safety Council. 

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

Organization (WHO) recommends limits for the safe intake of chemical elements. The limit for Hg is 300 pg per week of which a maximum of 200 pg is Me-Hg [11]. In April 2004 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published new limits for Me-Hg. On the one hand, a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 1.6 pg kg-1 body weight is given on the other hand, a significantly lower intake limit of 0.7 pg kg-1 body weight per week from a previous evaluation by the United States National Research Council (USNRC) is established [12]. 

The requirement that drugs be both effective and safe did not become law until 1962. The Kefauver-Harris amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act passed in 1962 required the FDA to review all drugs released after 1938 for effectiveness as well as safety. This program established the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) and the job was assigned to the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, which reviewed the data presented for each drug that had been submitted to the FDA. 

This is not the only follow-up. The fireworks disaster led to a Directorate of External Safety being established at the then Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, and to the installation of an Advisory Council on Hazardous Substances and a National Expertise Centre for External Safety. 

Federal, state, and provincial regulations may mandate safety programs. The content of these programs vary considerably in specifics but generally consist of several steps that are designed to prevent accidents. Safety programs have been shovm to be effective in reducing numbers of accidents. For example, research conducted by the Lincoln Nebraska Safety Council in 1981 (Reese Eidson, 1999) surveyed over 140 national construction-related companies. The Council fovmd that companies with formal safety plans and established procedures had fewer accidents than companies wdthout plans and procedures. Table 1-1 (adapted from Reese Eidson, 1999) summarizes those results. 

The committee (the NRC-National Research Council-Committee that prepared "Prudent Practices") recommends that chemical laboratories establish their own safety groups or committees at the department level, composed of a cross section of... 

Research conducted by the Lincoln Nebraska Safety Council in 1981 (Reese and Eidson 1999) surveyed more than 140 national construction-related companies. The council found that companies with formal safety plans and established procedures had fewer accidents than companies without plans and procedures. Table 1-1 summarizes those results. 

Workplace risk assessment can be defined as a systematic procedure for analysing workplace components to identify and evaluate hazards and safety characteristics (Harms-Ringdahl 2001). Due to EU regulation (Council Directive 89/391/EEC) each member state of the European Union has to establish national legislation to demand risk assessment procedures in enterprises of all sizes. In Estonia, the Act on Occupational Health and Safety that requires risk assessment at the every workplace was adopted in 1999. Workplace risk assessment has to be conducted by the employers using their own resources or by registered practitioners in occupational health (Occupational Health and Safety Act 1999). 

In order to pursue efforts to establish a single market for rail transport services, initiated by Council Directive 91/440/EEC of 29 July 1991 on the development of the Community s railways, it has been necessary to establish a common regulatory fi-amework for railway safely. Member States have developed their safety rules and standards mainly on national lines, based on national technical and operational concepts. Simultaneously, differences in principles, approach and culture have made it difficult to break through the technical barriers and estabhsh international transport operations. 

The China National Nuclear Safety Administration (CNNSA) was established in October 1984. It is an independent governmental organization functioning under the State Council through the State Science and Technology Commission, and is responsible for surveillance and control of nuclear safety matters for all civilian nuclear installations and nuclear materials in China. 

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