Intake limits

The saturated fatty acids, stearic [57-11-4] and palmitic [57-10-3], are found in animal fats and dairy products. Extensive studies point to the deleterious effect of these acids on arterial walls as a result it is recommended that saturated fatty acid intake be carefully controlled and intake limited (23). 

The Leggett (1992) model was developed to predict tissue doses and whole-body dose to people who may be exposed to americium. The model is considered an updated version of the ICRP (1989) model for americium, which has been used to establish risk-based limits of intake of241 Am (ICRP 1989). The Leggett (1992) and ICRP (1989) models predict similar long-term average doses of americium to the liver and skeleton for an injection exposure and would be expected to predict similar radiation risks and risk-based intake limits (Leggett 1992). Descriptions of applications of the Leggett (1992) model in risk assessment have not been reported. 

Slob and Pieters (1998) have proposed a probabilistic approach for deriving acceptable human intake limits and human health risks from toxicological studies in which it is acknowledged that both the effect parameter (e.g., NOAEL, BMD) and the assessment factors are uncertain and can best be described by lognormal distributions. 

The feed section takes the product from the feeding system and conveys it to the plastification section. At the same time, there must be sufficient free volume to allow gas reflux, e. g., air or nitrogen, to escape from the process section upstream. If the throughput rate of the extruder is less than the input product flow, the product will back up in the feed hopper, indicating that the intake limit has been reached. Along with the known extruder data, such as the screw speed, the screw pitch, and the available volume in the screw channel, other influencing factors, such as the fill rate of the screw channel, the conveying efficiency, the bulk density, and other bulk characteristics of the product sometimes affect the... 

Figure 11.5 Calculation for intake limit with a neural network...

A volume limit is only found in the powder range. Therefore, the rising lines that pass through the origin (blue) in Fig. 14.6 represent the intake limits without a dominant fluidization effect caused by inter-particle air flowing back through the screw channel for... 

Organization (WHO) recommends limits for the safe intake of chemical elements. The limit for Hg is 300 pg per week of which a maximum of 200 pg is Me-Hg [11]. In April 2004 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published new limits for Me-Hg. On the one hand, a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 1.6 pg kg-1 body weight is given on the other hand, a significantly lower intake limit of 0.7 pg kg-1 body weight per week from a previous evaluation by the United States National Research Council (USNRC) is established [12]. 

Because of lack of information on manganese dietary requirements, the Food and Nutrition Board has set an AI level for adults at 2.3 mg/day for males and 1.8 mg/day for females. A tolerable upper intake limit of 11 mg/day was set for adults based on no observed effect for... 

Osteomalacia, although less common than osteoporosis, can be insidious and coexist with osteoporosis. A serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration should be obtained in anyone with decreased oral vitamin D intake, limited or no sun exposure, or unexplained muscle weakness or pain. 

Radioactive Strontium. The Department of Energy (DOE) has established derived air concentrations (DAC) for workplace exposure to radiation at DOE facilities. The DAC ranges from 0.000000002 pCi/mL (2xl0"9 pCi/mL of air) for 100-day retention in the lung to 0.000000008 p Ci/mL (8xl0 9 p Ci/mL of air) for retention less than 10 days. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission established an annual intake limit of 20 pCi for on-the-job exposure to 90Sr in air. 

Target tissues. The model is designed to calculate 89Sr and 90Sr intake limits, based on radiation dose to all major organs, including the bone surfaces, bone marrow, and liver, to which the highest doses would be expected. 

Table 5.4.A Licensing limits, intake limits, and maximum permitted air concentrations of technetium nuclides 27].

The iodine concentration of the hair also reflects iodine status very well (Anke and Risch 1979) (Table 9.4-28). Black hair or wool stores significantly more iodine than white hair or wool. Growing hair intensively incorporates iodine. Groppel (1986, Grabe-kies et al. 2002) recommended iodine intake limits of 200 pg kg feed DM for white goat hair, 300 pg kg DM for white sheep s wool, and 1000 pg kg DM for black cattle hair (Table 9.4-29). 

DAC Derived air concentration of a radionuclide that is related to an intake limit. 

The above excludes consideration of chemical toxicity, for which a daily intake limit of 2.5 mg was recommended by the ICRP [1.33]. 

JECFA-FAOWHO Periodic reports of recommendations to WHO, EAO, and CAC 1972- forward JECFA has issued several intake limits for diet Pb expressed as weekly provisional tolerance values in June 2010, withdrew Pb tolerance value for young children (see text for more details)... 

Nogawa K, Honda R, Kido T, Tsuritani I, Yamada Y, Ishizaki M, Ymaya H (1989) A dose-response analysis of cadmium in the general environment with special reference to total cadmium intake limit. Environ Res 48 7-16 Nomiyama K (1982) Carcinogenicity of cadmium. Jpn J Ind Health 24 13-23 Nordberg GF (1989) Modulation of metal toxicity by metallothionein. Biol Trace Elem Res 21 131-135... 

Discussion of fluid balance the patients role is the most important factor in the prevention of this problem. Strict fluid intake limitation mitigates the risk of pulmonary edema between dialysis sessions. 

The formulation of rations must first provide the nutrients in an appropriate ratio for the euiimal to be fed. In many cases when animals are under environmental or physiological stresses, voluntary feed intake limits production euid in some instances feed acceptability plays a major role. In these cases the ration formulation processes should Include measures for the use of additives to induce appropriate Inteikes by the animal. 

The Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL) for adults is 10 mg daily, based on degree of liver damage associated with intake. UL for children vary with age 1-3 years/1 mg daily, 4—8 years/3 mg daily, 9-13 years/ 5 mg daily, 14—18years/8mg daily (irrespective of pregnancy or lactation status). UL for children imder the age of 1 year are not possible to establish. There are no official recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for copper in children. The RDA for adult males and females is a daily intake of 0.9 mg. Measurements of the dietary requirements for copper in adult men have shovm the requirement to range from about 1.0 to 1.6 mg daily. A review of nutrient intakes in the US from 1909 to 1994 confirms... 

A diet that is protective against CHD should integrate plenty of fruits and vegetables (400-600 gday ) a moderate amount of fish (2-3 times a week) a small quantity of nuts adequate amounts of PUFAs and MUFAs (together constituting about 75% of the daily fat intake) low levels of SFAs (less than 25% of the daily fat intake) limited salt intake (preferably less than 5 day ) and restricted use of sugar. Such diets should be culturally appropriate, economically affordable, and based on locally available foods. 

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