Nanocomposites overview

Bailly, C., Lefebvre, J.M., and Devaux, J. (2007) Polymer-based nanocomposites overview, applications and perspectives. Progress in Organic Coatings, 58, 87-95. 

Many different polymers have already been used to synthesize polymer-clay nanocomposites. In this section, an overview of the advances that have been made during the last 10 years in the intercalation and the delamination of organoclay in different polymeric media is given. The discussion mainly covers the work involving thermoset nanocomposites along with a brief discussion about thermoplastic-based nanocomposites. 

The aim of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the preparation and main characteristics of bio-nanohybrids, with emphasis on the different types of inorganic solids that can be involved in the formation of this class of materials. Special attention will be devoted to the diverse mechanisms that govern the interaction between the components of biohybrids, illustrating them with selected examples. Relevant features and potential or actual applications of recently developed bio-nanocomposites will be discussed on the basis of their structure-property relationships. 

Okamoto, M. (2006) Recent advances in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites an overview from science to technology. Materials Science and Technology, 22 (7), 756-779. 

Laird DA, Barriuso E, Dowdy RH, Koskinen WC (1992) Adsorption of atrazine on smectites. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56 62-67 LeBaron PC, Wang Z, Pinnavaia TJ (1999) Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites an overview. Appl Clay Sci 15 11-29 Lee J-F, Crum JR, Boyd SA (1989) Enhanced retention of organic contaminants by soil exchanged with organic cations. Environ Sci Technol 23 1365-1372 Lee J-F, Mortland MM, Boyd SA, Chiou CT (1989a) Shape-selective adsorption of aromatic molecules from water by tetramethylammonium-smectite. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I 8 2953-2962... 

P. C. LeBaron, Z. Wang, T. J. Pinnavaia, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites An overview, Applied Clay Science, vol. 15, pp. 11-29,1999. 

Fig. 7.8 TEM images of the Si SiOx/C nanocomposite nanoparticles produced by hydrothermal carbonization of glucose and Si and further carbonization at 750 °C under N2. (a) Overview of the Si SiOx/C nanocomposites and a TEM image at higher magnification (in the inset) showing uniform spherical particles (b) HRTEM image clearly showing the core/shell structure (c), (d) HRTEM image displaying details of the silicon nanoparticles coated with SiOxand carbon.

Provided in this chapter is an overview on the fundamentals of polymer nanocomposites, including structure, properties, and surface treatment of the nanoadditives, design of the modifiers, modification of the nanoadditives and structure of modified nanoadditives, synthesis and struc-ture/morphology of the polymer nanocomposites, and the effect of nanoadditives on thermal and fire performance of the matrix polymers and mechanism. Trends for the study of polymer nanocomposites are also provided. This covers all kinds of inorganic nanoadditives, but the primary focus is on clays (particularly on the silicate clays and the layered double hydroxides) and carbon nanotubes. The reader who needs to have more detailed information and/or a better picture about nanoadditives and their influence on the matrix polymers, particularly on the thermal and fire performance, may peruse some key reviews, books, and papers in this area, which are listed at the end of the chapter. 

Carbon nanotubes represent high potential fillers owing to their remarkably attractive mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The incorporation of nanotubes in the polymer matrices can thus lead to synergistic enhancements in the composite properties even at very low volume fractions. This chapter provides a brief overview of the properties and synthesis methods of nanotubes for the generation of polymer nanocomposites. 

This chapter first presents a brief discussion on the synthesis of PLA, then, it gives an overview of various processing techniques used to fabricate PLA nanocomposites, with a special focus on the microcellular technology. Lastly, the chapter discusses various viscoelastic, thermal, mechanical, thermal degradation, electrical... 

This chapter is an overview of the synthesis and properties of PVA/ nanotube composites. Various films and fibers have been processed from carbon nanotube and PVA dispersions. Compared to other polymers, PVA exhibit particularly strong interaction with single-walled as well as multiwalled carbon nanotubes. This leads to unique properties which are not observed in other nanotube polymer nanocomposites. In particular, this literature review confirms... 

This paper represents an overview of investigations carried out in carbon nanotube / elastomeric composites with an emphasis on the factors that control their properties. Carbon nanotubes have clearly demonstrated their capability as electrical conductive fillers in nanocomposites and this property has already been commercially exploited in the fabrication of electronic devices. The filler network provides electrical conduction pathways above the percolation threshold. The percolation threshold is reduced when a good dispersion is achieved. Significant increases in stiffness are observed. The enhancement of mechanical properties is much more significant than that imparted by spherical carbon black or silica particles present in the same matrix at a same filler loading, thus highlighting the effect of the high aspect ratio of the nanotubes. 

Fig. 13. Overview over some properties to be derived from inorganic-organic hetero polysiloxane nanocomposites and potential applications...

This entry will provide an overview of the classical phenol-formaldehyde system. The fundamentals of this system will be described. The current applications of this classical system will be discussed. Resins prepared from structurally modified phenols will be examined and labeled as modified-classical phenol-formaldehyde systems. The effect of these modifications on the mechanical, thermal, and other properties will be examined. Finally, the considerable work on polymers that can be classified as nonclassicaf phenolic resins will be presented and the area of nanocomposites utilizing phenolic resins will be examined. 

We have given an overview of the recent works on nanocomposites used for optoelectronic devices. From the review it is seen that a very rich publication has been issued regarding the nanostructured composites and nano-hybrid layers or heterojunctions which can be applied for different practical purposes. Among them there are organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and excitonic or organic solar cells (OSC). 

On that basis, the book intends to bridge current issues, aspects and interests from fundamental research to technical apphcations. In seven chapters, the reader will find an arrangement of latest results on fundamental aspects of adhesion, on adhesion in biology, on chemistry for adhesive formulation, on surface chemistry and pretreatment of adherends, on mechanical issues, non-destructive testing and durability of adhesive joints, and on advanced technical applications of adhesive joints. Prominent scientists review the current state of knowledge about the role of chemical bonds in adhesion, about new resins and nanocomposites for adhesives, and about the role of macromolecular architecture for the properties of hot melt and pressure sensitive adhesives. Thus, insight into detailed results and broader overviews as well can be gained from the book. 

F. Hussain, M. Hojjati, M. Okamoto, and R. E. Gorga, Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application an overview, J. Composite Mater., 40, 1511-1575... 

It is the aim of this chapter to give an overview on both chemical and electrochemical techniques for producing metallic-particle-based CP nanocomposite materials and to outline the progress made in this field. The various synthetic approaches are organized in such a way as to present first those involving metal particle deposition in the course of polymerization, and subsequently post-polymerisation procedures that involve chemical, electrochemical, or adsorption processes (Figure 7.1). Well-established approaches, along with some newly developed techniques will be discussed, with special emphasis on those that are still underdeveloped. Synthesis of metal oxide particle-based CP composites (see e.g. [8]), as well as modification of CPs with transition-metal complexes (see e.g. [5]) remain outside the scope of this chapter. 

Metallic-particle-based CP nanocomposites arc explored in view of a great variety of applications, including electrocatalysis, electroanalytics, soisorics, corrositm protection etc. The discussion in this chapter concerning apphcati( is will address the relationship between synthetic conditions and mainly electrocatalytic and electroanalytic performance, without going into the specifie topic of mechanisms of electrochemical reactitMis. The latter research area (see e.g. [9]) requires extensive presentation and remains outside the seope of this overview. 

Table 7.1 Overview of systems investigated for one-pot synthesis of metallic-based CP nanocomposites... 

Table 7.2 Overview on systems investigated for the preparation of metallic-based CP nanocomposites by using pre-synthesized metal NPs...

The overview presented so far has shown the manifold activities of synthetic chemists and electrochemists to produce various metallic-based CP nanocomposite materials. These efforts have been directed to a diversity of applications, e.g. electrocatalysis, electroanalytics, chemical and electrochemical sensing etc. To outline these areas of research is a separate task that remains outside the scope of this chapter. Nevertheless, for the prevailing niunber of investigations, where the synthetic work has been combined with applications-related measurements, a brief outline will be presented here. 

R. Gangopadhyay and A. De, Conducting polymer nanocomposites A brief overview. Chem. Mater., 12, 608-622 (2000). 

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