Materials nanocomposite

Paul, M., Alexandre, M., Degee, P., Henrist, C., Rulmont, A., and Dubois, P. 2002. New nanocomposite materials based on plasticized poly(L -lactide) and organo-modified montmorillonites thermal and morphological study. Polymer 44 443-450. 

Noble metal nanoparticles dispersed in insulating matrices have attracted the interest of many researchers fromboth applied and theoretical points of view [34]. The incorporation of metallic nanoparticles into easily processable polymer matrices offers a pathway for better exploitation of their characteristic optical, electronic and catalytic properties. On the other hand, the host polymers can influence the growth and spatial arrangement of the nanoparticles during the in situ synthesis, which makes them convenient templates for the preparation of nanoparticles of different morphologies. Furthermore, by selecting the polymer with certain favorable properties such as biocompatibiHty [35], conductivity [36] or photoluminescence [37], it is possible to obtain the nanocomposite materials for various technological purposes. 

Recent demands for polymeric materials request them to be multifunctional and high performance. Therefore, the research and development of composite materials have become more important because single-polymeric materials can never satisfy such requests. Especially, nanocomposite materials where nanoscale fillers are incorporated with polymeric materials draw much more attention, which accelerates the development of evaluation techniques that have nanometer-scale resolution." To date, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been widely used for this purpose, while the technique never catches mechanical information of such materials in general. The realization of much-higher-performance materials requires the evaluation technique that enables us to investigate morphological and mechanical properties at the same time. AFM must be an appropriate candidate because it has almost comparable resolution with TEM. Furthermore, mechanical properties can be readily obtained by AFM due to the fact that the sharp probe tip attached to soft cantilever directly touches the surface of materials in question. Therefore, many of polymer researchers have started to use this novel technique." In this section, we introduce the results using the method described in Section 21.3.3 on CB-reinforced NR. 

The synthesis of MNCGs can be obtained by sol-gel, sputtering, chemical vapor-deposition techniques. Ion implantation of metal or semiconductor ions into glass has been explored since the last decade as a useful technique to produce nanocomposite materials in which nanometer sized metal or semiconductor particles are embedded in dielectric matrices [1,2,4,23-29]. Furthermore, ion implantation has been used as the first step of combined methodologies that involve other treatments such as thermal annealing in controlled atmosphere, laser, or ion irradiation [30-32]. 

Pradhan A, Jones Robin C, Daniela C, O Connor Charles J, Tarr Matthew A (2008) Gold-magnetite nanocomposite materials formed via sonochemical methods. Ultrason Sonochem 15(5) 891-897... 

Tab. 3.1 Polysaccharides and proteins involved in the synthesis of hybrid silica nanocomposite materials.

The ethylene glycol-containing silica precursor has been combined, as mentioned above, with most commercially important polysaccharides and two proteins listed in Table 3.1. In spite of the wide variety of their nature, structure and properties, the jellification processes on addition of THEOS to solutions of all of these biopolymers (Scheme 3.2) had a common feature, that is the formation of monolithic nanocomposite materials, proceeding without phase separation and precipitation. The syner-esis mentioned in a number of cases in Table 3.1 was not more than 10 vol.%. It is worthwhile to compare it with common sol-gel processes. For example, the volume shrinkage of gels fabricated with the help of TEOS and diglyceryl silane was 70 and 53 %, respectively [138,141]. 

Novak, B.M. (1993) Hybrid nanocomposite materials — between inorganic glasses and organic polymers. Advanced Materials, 5, 422—433. 

Caruso, F. and Sukhorukov, G. (2003) Coated Colloids Preparation, Characterization, Assembly and Utilization, in Multilayer Thin Films Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials (eds G. Decher and J. Schlenoff), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 331-362. 

Invented less than a decade ago,1 EISA has rapidly developed into a universal technique for fabrication of organized porous and patterned nanocomposite materials, ranging from metal oxides and chalcogenides to carbons, polymers, and metals.2,3 In addition to generating ordered mesoporous films, this technique may also be used to incorporate functional molecules and... 

Sayari, A. Hamoudi, S. 2001. Periodic mesoporous silica-based organic—inorganic nanocomposite materials. Chem. Mater. 13 3151-3168. 

Zhang, J. Coombs, N. Kumacheva, E., A new approach to hybrid nanocomposite materials with periodic structures, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14512 14513... 

A. Sayari and S. Hamoudi, Periodic Mesoporous Silica-Based Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Materials, Chem. Mater., 2001, 13, 3151. 

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