Presentations overview

The final chapter in this volume by Alexander Sadimenko (University of Fort Hare, South Afiica) continues a series by this author on the organometaUic chemistry of heterocycles, of which 0,S monoheterocycles and N,P,Si,B monoheterocycles were published in volumes 78 and 79, respectively. The organometaUic chemistry of pyrazole is so broad that the present overview does not include the polyfunctional, chelating frameworks containing pyrazolyl units, which are typified by the pyrazolyl borate derivatives. These will be the subject of a future chapter. 

In the present overview we concentrate our attention on calculations with J=j =j2=jj 2= = J is a conserved quantity and... 

The range of size polymers available has expanded to the point of being extremely complex [169], both in terms of the main types of size and the numerous combinational possibilities that they represent. The present overview of salient aspects covers the following chemistry of size polymers, the use and properties of sizes, desizing methods, analysis of size polymers and environmental aspects. A summary of the equipment used for sizing is available [170]. 

From all these projects, there are several worth mentioning as a result of their achievements, however our present overview only addresses the salient points of some illustrative examples. Emphasis, as stated earlier, is placed on those projects where materials issues took centre stage in the research activities or material innovations were considered instrumental for further progress. A more... 

The insertion of double bonds into Al—C and Al—H bonds has been known for a very long time. The importance of direct -hydrogen transfer as a general reaction category has not been recognized as clearly we hope that the present overview illustrates how pervasive this reaction is in aluminium chemistry. 

The present overview summarizes our recent work on recombinant SuSyl from potato and demonstrates that the biocatalytic properties are broadened by exploiting different expression systems as well as by site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved phosphorylation site. 

The present overview is intended to cover materials from both CHEC-II and CHEC. 

Enantioselective synthesis is a topic of undisputable importance in current chemical research and there is a steady flow of articles, reviews and books on almost every aspect involved. The present overview will concentrate on the application of solid chiral catalysts for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral molecules which are a special class of fine chemicals. Included is an account on our own work with the cinchona-modified Pt catalysts. Excluded is the wide field of immobilized versions of active homogeneous complexes or of bio-catalysts. During the preparation of this survey, several reviews have been found to be very informative [1-14]. 

In the present overview, we will use some common abbreviations for certain ligands, regardless of their oxidation state. For some less commonly encountered dithiolenes, abbreviations will be explained in the text. In comparing dithiolenes to other sulfur-containing ligand systems, we will also use the abbreviations listed below. 

The powerful mathematical tools of linear algebra and superoperators in Li-ouville space can be used to proceed from the identification of molecular phenomena, to modelling and calculation of physical properties to interpret or predict experimental results. The present overview of our work shows a possible approach to the dissipative dynamics of a many-atom system undergoing localized electronic transitions. The density operator and its Liouville-von Neumann equation play a central role in its mathematical treatments. 

Despite the numerous interesting activities in this field, this chapter is not intended to provide a systematic review various articles describe the most recent developments in a systematic way, and the reader is invited to complete the present overview by reading some recent reports such as the one of Diaz-Gonzalez et al. [7] or from Heineman s group [8]. 

Most hydroxy-substituted azaheteroaromatic compounds exist predominately in the NH/carbonyl tautomeric form, and such compounds have been widely discussed. By contrast, aza derivatives of cyclopentadienone, and of quinones, although they have received considerable attention in the last 30 years, have never previously been reviewed. In the present overview, we have attempted to collect the information on such derivatives, as well as including l-azetin-4-ones, i.e., of those azaheterocycles which contain in the ring at least one carbonyl group and one or two nitrogen atoms in the form of C=N or N=N bonds. Many of these compounds are unstable but their importance as reactive intermediates is established and many of them could be used as synthons in the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds. 

The present overview allows us to conclude that SEC can be considered an appropriate analytical tool for investigation of molecular weight distribution of HS as well as a preparative tool for large-scale fractionation of HS. 

The ability to examine individual coal macerals provides an opportunity for a detailed study of the roles of the chemistry of the starting organic material and the effect of coalification on the final materials. The different macerals exhibit distinct g-value, linewidth and radical density signatures which are related to their chemistry. The present overview will be extended to a qualitative analysis of the ESR properties and the behavior of these macerals under reaction conditions. 

The application of DFT methods to the computation of transition-metal NMR has been reviewed in the past [1-4]. A short overview was recently prepared by Buhl [5], NMR calculations on heavier transition-metal complexes have further been discussed in reviews devoted to relativistic NMR methodology [6-9], Thus, the present overview does not attempt to give a full coverage of the available literature, but to present a number of illustrative examples, the present status of such computations and their accuracy and limitations, along with a description of the underlying methodology. Because of the high importance of relativistic effects on NMR parameters, which is clearly represented in the available literature on DFT NMR computations of transition-metal complexes, the reader will find that a substantial portion of this paper is devoted to this topic. 

Wacker reactions, which is why we refer to them here [12, 15-17]. Finally, the general concept of a Wacker reaction could be regarded as the palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of heteronucleophiles and olefins, and this can obviously be extended to nitrogen nucleophiles and others [18] conversely, the principle of the Cu(I)/Cu(II)/02 reoxidation system for Pd(0) can be applied to other oxidation reactions (for example that of CO to C02), but the present overview is limited to sp2-C-H activation in olefins. 

We hope that the present overview inspires future work in the creation of well-defined atomic, molecular and island superlattices at surfaces, opening up the investigation of the novel properties also with spatially integrating experimental techniques. 

The treatment in the present overview places emphasis on the roles ceramics and their processing are playing in two of the various alternative energy technologies. 

The present overview deals with the application of Fischer chromium carbene complexes in the benzannulation reaction for the preparation of highly substituted aromatic compounds. Before focussing on specific arenes (Section 8.5), details of the mechanism are given (Section 8.2), and the scope and limitations of the reaction are defined (Section 8.3). A short description of the experimental procedure is given thereafter (Section 8.4). Finally, the contribution deals with the application of the chromium carbene benzannulation to natural compounds and molecules with biological activity (Section 8.6). 

Advances in the modeling of polymer systems, such as the random phase approximation (RPA) [3,4], thoroughly reviewed here, have made it possible to analyze SANS data from widely different and seemingly complicated mixtures of various polymer architectures at various concentrations and temperatures. Old modeling methods, such as the inverse Zimm formula [5] (which is the basis of the Zimm Plot), or more recent modeling methods such as the high concentration method [6-8], fall within the scope of the present overview and are... 

In the present overview, we tried to gather most of the industrial cationic polymerizations for alkenes, as well as for carbonyl and heterocyclic monomers. Our main objective was not to insist on the conventional processes which are already detailed in the specific reviews quoted all along the text, but to outline the up-to-date improvements, new products, and market trends every time the corresponding information had been made available. 

The present chapter is organized according to the class of scaffold that is accessed via a MCR covering the literature from 2006 until present. A clear distinction is made between the application of dedicated microwave instruments and domestic microwave ovens. Although application of the last does not allow full control of the parameters, we reasoned that it was nevertheless worthwhile to include few of these examples. For more precise information about the conditions the reader is referred to the appropriate literature. Taking into account the current explosive developments in the field of MCRs, the present overview cannot be regarded as being exhaustive but is rather meant to provide a useful introduction. 

The present overview is divided in three main sections where the polymeric photoinitiators are presented according to their mechanism of action, i.e. pho-toinduced hydrogen abstraction, electron transfer and cleav e reactions. In each section, particular attention is devoted to the synthesis and relationship between molecular structure and photoinitiation properties of the polymeric systems. A further section deals with some special applications having particular interest from the point of view of fundamental research and technological development. 

The results reported in the present overview dealing with the recent developments of fundamental and applied research as well as the potential applications allow one to predict that polymeric photoinitiators will, in the near future, become the object of increasing interest, particularly in the area of UV curable surface... 

It is the purpose of the present overview to discuss the various t5 pes of methods. In the next section we shall describe their theoretical foundations, and in the subsequent section we shall give some few selected examples of their applications. We add that the theoretical treatment of solvent effects is a currently very active research field, which can be seen both in the recent review by Tomasi et al as well as from the fact that even special issues of certain journals have been devoted solely to this topic." ... 

This chapter focuses on the occurrence and the physicochemical properties of glycolipids in Nature. Owing to space limitations, the presented overview must be incomplete, and, thus, mainly publications of the past 15 years are included. However, all review articles cited herein inform the interested reader about earlier work. Although lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoara-binomannan (LAM), lipomannan, lipoglycans, and lipoteichoic acids are not understood as glycolipids per definition, their occurrence and properties are also described in this chapter. GPI-anchored lipids is a main topic ofO Chap. 7.4. 

The purpose of this chapter is to present overviews of a selection of the major endothelial and epithelial barriers to drug delivery for which there are either primary culture or cell line systems that recapitulate the characteristics of the in vivo barrier. Our objective is to define some general characteristics of cell culture models and highlight the more commonly applied primary cell cultures and cell lines in use today. Specifically, we focus on cell culture models for the intestinal epithelium, blood-brain barrier, pulmonary and nasal epithelium, ocular epithelium, placental barrier, and renal epithelium. Renal epithelium was included here primarily because some cell lines derived from this tissue [e.g., Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)] are often used as surrogates for other barriers by pharmaceutical scientists. We have arbitrarily chosen to exclude the skin and liver from the scope of this overview. However, it should be noted that hepatocyte cell culture models, for example, are becoming more widely available and have been the subject of recent reviews.1,2... 

Because the hard sphere system thus provides the most simple system to test and explore MCT-ITT, numerical calculations only for this model will be reviewed in the present overview. Input for the structure factor is required, which, for simplicity, will be taken from the analytical Percus-Yervick (PY) approximation [2, 3]. Straightforward discretization of the wavevector integrals will be performed as discussed below, and in detail in the quoted original papers. 

In the present overview, the uptake and metabolic conversion of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in mammalian cells have been discussed. Only the main metabolic routes and mechanisms underlying the regulation of enzymes and transport proteins controlling the rate-limiting steps are described. It should be noted that at some points, details are left out and metabolic interrelationships are simplified for the sake of clarity. For details the reader is referred to the original publications and modern textbooks of biochemistry. 

It is hoped that the present overview will encourage beginner and nonbeginner researchers to make increasing use of the now available modern NMR techniques as well as help to convince NMR specialists that the study of phase transition still presents a promising challenge for further development. 

---