Modifier oxide

Modified starches may be acid-modified, oxidized, or heat-treated. Acid-modified (thin-boiling) starches are used mainly in textiles as warp sizes and fabric finishes. Here they increase yam strength and abrasion resistance and improve weaving efficiency. Tbin-boiHng starches also have selected appHcations in paper and laundry starch preparations. 

When equimolar quantities of a given modifier oxide are added to Si02 and the uv cutoff of the siUcate glass is at a lower energy than that of... 

The introduction of electron donors or acceptors can modify oxidizer decomposition rates. 

Apart from titanium oxide, two other carbon-modified semiconductors were studied in water photoelectrolysis due to their low band gap energy, namely iron (Fe203) and tungsten oxide (W03) [70,90]. Carbon-modified iron oxide demonstrated promising photoconversion efficiency, 4 % and 7 % for modified oxides synthesized in oven and by thermal oxidation respectively [90]. Also, carbon-modified tungsten oxide (C-W03) photocatalysts exhibited a 2 % photoconversion efficiency [70],... 

A recent investigation has demonstrated the usefulness of ultrasonic irradiation in the preparation of delaminated zeolites, which are a particular type of modified oxides - microporous crystalline aluminosilicates with three-dimensional structures - having a greater catalytic activity than the layered structures (clays) and mesoporous catalysts. In an attempt to increase the pore size of zeolites, a layered zeolite precursor was... 

Coupling of other vindoline derivatives with ring D or E modified oxidation levels (92-96) to catharanthine N-oxide provided new binary products for biological evaluation 39, 95-97). The two diastereomeric C-16 -C-14 PARE anhydrovinblastines 42 and 97 were obtained in a 46 54 ratio (50% yield) from racemic catharanthine (98), and the corresponding 20 -desethyl compounds 98 and 99 were generated at - 20°C in a 1 1 ratio (16% yield each), and at -76°C in lower yields, together with the corre-... 

Linear Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylates (LSAE). The hydrophobes of LSAE are made via borate-modified oxidation of n-parafiins to form inorganic esters followed by hydrolysis. The resulting alcohols contain secondary hydroxyl groups randomly located along the linear alkyl chain. LSAE biodegrade slightly slower than LPAE (13.14). 

Transesterification Reactions. The heterogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification of TGs has not been investigated as much as its counterpart, the base-catalyzed reaction. Various solids are available with sufficient acid strength to be effective catalysts for the named reaction. Among the solid acids available are functionalized polymers, such as the acid forms of some resins, as well as inorganic materials, such as zeolites, modified oxides, clays, and others. Some of these solids have already been found to be effective in transesterification reactions of simple esters and (3-ketoesters. 

Presumably, the same consideration might also explain the trend recorded for the other modified oxides of Table II. The reason why the inversion point has not been reached in those samples containing nominally up to 1 % foreign oxide might be the low temperature at which they have been fired together (600°C.) whereas Fensham (54) finds that a temperature of 1100°C. has to be reached before homogeneous solution of a foreign oxide into nickel oxide can be accomplished. 

Freund, H.J., Kuhlenbeck, H., Libuda, J., Rupprechter, G., Baumer, M., Hamann, H. (2001) Bridging the pressure and materials gaps between catalysis and surface science clean and modified oxide surfaces. Top. Catal, 15, 201. 

Since previous papers (1, 2) describe details of the manufacturing process for secondary alcohols(SA) and their ethoxylates (SAE), only the outline of the process will be presented here. A mixture of secondary alcohols is obtained by liquid phase air-oxidation of normal paraffins in the presence of a boric acid catalyst(Figure 1). Although the existing commercial processes, as developed independently, comprise significantly different combinations of various unit processes, they are all based on this boric acid-modified oxidation of hydrocarbons(3). 

R.S. Shreedhara Murthy and J.P. Berry, in Chemically Modified Oxide Surfaces,... 

Oxide surface materials are widely used in many applications, in particular where chemically modified oxide surfaces are involved. Indeed, in disciplines as separations, catalysis, bioengineering, electronics, ceramics, etc. modified oxide surfaces are very important. In all cases, the knowledge of their chemical and surface characteristics is of great importance for the understanding and eventual improvement of their performances. 

The purpose of this book is essentially to cover techniques and procedures characterizing and modifying the silica surface. We hope that this book will be useful for all those who, working at the graduate student or research worker level, are interested in the chemistry of silica and chemically modified oxide surfaces. 

Pascal Van Der Voort is presently senior research assistant at the Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry (University of Antwerp). He was granted the title of Doctor in Sciences for his pioneering work on Chemical Surface Coating. After that, Dr. Van Der Voort stayed strongly involved in the research on chemically modified oxide surfaces and their application as ceramics and catalysts. 

The traditional oxidation of benzylic and other halides to the aldehyde using DMSO (Kornblum oxidation) has been known for about 35 vears246,362,363. Modified oxidations of this type using selenoxides364,365 and 2-nitropropane366,367 have proved more versatile since other functional groups that are sensitive to the traditional oxidation procedure may be tolerated. In the reaction with 2-nitropropane, allylic halides are readily converted into aldehydes with retention of the alkene geometry. 

Macrophages consume excess modified (oxidized) lipoprotein, becoming foam cells. 

Gallopo, A. and J. Edwards (1971). Kinetics and mechanism of the spontaneous and metal modified oxidation of ethanol by peroxydisulfate ion. J. Org. Chem. 36,4089 1096. 

Y3. Yan, L. J., and Sohal, R. S., Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase is modified oxidatively during aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12896-12901 (1998). 

Dai [4] modified oxidized carbon nanotubes, (IV), and these were subsequently used as transporters for the delivery of biologically active agents into cells. 

Figure 2 Structural representation of a Si02-based glass. The giant 3-D aperiodic skeleton is formed by Si04 tetrahedra sharing comers. The addition of glass modifier oxides snch as PbO, Na20, and CaO results in nonbridging oxygen atom sites and a statistical distribution of the cations Pb, Na", or Ca thronghout the lattice...

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