Carbon nanotubes oxidation

Fig. 3.5 Oxidized carbon nanotubes undergoing amidation and esterification reactions.

Kuan-Xin, H., et ah, Electrodeposition of nickel and cobalt mixed oxide/carbon nanotube thin films and their charge storage properties. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2006. 153(8) p. A1568-A1574. 

Yao, Z., et al., Aligned coaxial tungsten oxide-carbon nanotube sheet a flexible and gradient electrochromic film. Chemical Communications, 2012. 48(66) p. 8252-8254. 

S. F. Ren and Y. L. Guo, Oxidized carbon nanotubes as matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of biomolecules, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 19 (2005) 255-260. 

Sakamoto, J.S. and B. Dunn. 2002. Vanadium oxide-carbon nanotube composite electrodes for use in secondary lithium batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149 A26-A30. 

Amorphous Manganese Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Composites.356... 

Yang Z, Wu HQ, Simard B. Charge-discharge characteristics of raw acid-oxidized carbon nanotubes. Electrochem Commun 2002 4 574-578. 

Nanoporous materials like zeolites and related materials, mesoporous molecular sieves, clays, pillared clays, the majority of silica, alumina, active carbons, titanium dioxides, magnesium oxides, carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks are the most widely studied and applied adsorbents. In the case of crystalline and ordered nanoporous materials such as zeolites and related materials, and mesoporous molecular sieves, their categorization as nanoporous materials are not debated. However, in the case of amorphous porous materials, they possess bigger pores together with pores sized less than 100 nm. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases, the nanoporous component is the most important part of the porosity. 

Carbon nanotubes have been successfully used as removable templates for the synthesis of a variety of oxide nanotubes. Ajayan et al.9 reported the preparation of V205 nanotubes by using partially oxidized carbon nanotubes as templates. Apart from coating of CNTs by the oxide phase, metal oxide fillings in the internal cavities and thin oxide layers between the concentric shells of the tubes were also obtained (Fig. 30). A mix-... 

Dai [4] modified oxidized carbon nanotubes, (IV), and these were subsequently used as transporters for the delivery of biologically active agents into cells. 

Carbon-based sorbents are relatively new materials for the analysis of noble metal samples of different origin [78-84]. The separation and enrichment of palladium from water, fly ash, and road dust samples on oxidized carbon nanotubes (preconcentration factor of 165) [83] palladium from road dust samples on dithiocarbamate-coated fullerene Cso (sorption efficiency of 99.2 %) [78], and rhodium on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with polyacrylonitrile (preconcentration factor of 120) [80] are examples of the application of various carbon-based sorbents for extraction of noble metals from environmental samples. Sorption of Au(III) and Pd(ll) on hybrid material of multiwalled carbon nanotubes grafted with polypropylene amine dendrimers prior to their determination in food and environmental samples has recently been described [84]. Recent application of ion-imprinted polymers using various chelate complexes for SPE of noble metals such as Pt [85] and Pd [86] from environmental samples can be mentioned. Hydrophobic noble metal complexes undergo separation by extraction under cloud point extraction systems, for example, extraction of Pt, Pd, and Au with N, A-dihexyl-A -benzylthiourea-Triton X-114 from sea water and dust samples [87]. 

Raymundo-Pinero, E., Khomenko, V., Frackowiak, E., and Beguin, F. (2005). Performance of manganese oxide/carbon nanotubes composites as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A229-A235. 

Kim, I.H., J.H. Kim, Y.H. Lee, and K.B. Kim, Synthesis and characterization of electro-chemically prepared ruthenium oxide on carbon nanotube film substrate for supercapacitor applications. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2005. 152(11) pp. A2170-A2178 Kim, I.H., J.H. Kim, and K.B. Kim, Electrochemical characterization of electrochemically prepared ruthenium oxide/carbon nanotube electrode for supercapacitor application. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2005. 8(7) pp. A369-A372... 

Figure 21.8 Methods for oxidizing carbon nanotubes. Oxidation results in surface functional hydroxyl, carbonyl, and/or carboxylic acid groups. (Reproduced with permission from V. H. Grassian, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Impacts. Copyright 2008 John Wiley Sons, Inc.)...

Fig. 17 LbL assembly of enzyme and polyelectrolyte on oxidized carbon nanotube...

Zhao, X., Johnston, C. and Grant, P. S. (2009) A novel hybrid supercapacitor with a carbon nanotube cathode and an iron oxide/carbon nanotube composite anode , / Mater. Chem., 19,8755-60. 

Functional groups attached to oxidized carbon nanotubes were identified by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy by attenuated total reflectance, ATR-FTIR in a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrophotometer at 1068 scans, in the frequency interval of 4000 cm-i to 650 cm-i with resolution of 8 cm-i. 

The main functional group attached to oxidized carbon nanotubes was carboxylic. Comparison between spectra of pristine nanotubes and oxidized N-MWCNTs showed that the bands at 1444 cm-i, 1373 cm-i and 1251 cm-i, attributed to vibration of MWCNTs and C-N bonding in N-MWCNTs, were overcome by several vibrations in carbonyl and carboxyhc functionalities in the range of 1720 to 1250 cm-i (Choi et al., 2004 Misra et al., 2007). A strong band appeared from 3600 cnri to 3300 cnri by the stretching of the bonding -OH of carboxylic group in oxidized nanotubes (Zawadski, 1980 Chen and Wu, 2004). 

Kang, Y. J., H. Chung, and W. Kim. 2013.1.8-V flexible supercapacitors with asymmetric configuration based on manganese oxide, carbon nanotubes, and a gel electrolyte. Synthetic Metals 166 40-44. 

Yang, C. Y., J. L. Shen, C. Y. Wang, H. J. Fei, H. Bao, and G. C. Wang. 2014. All-solid-state asymmetric snpercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube and carbon fiber paper/polypyrrole electrodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 1458-1464. 

Keywords Water pollution, water purification, methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, heavy metal ions, Cr(VI), Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(ll), Zn(II), Cu(II), adsorption, adsorbent, adsorbate, conducting polymers, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes (CNTs),... 

Three different types of nanomaterials, based on their dimensional characteristics, are generally used to prepare polymer nanocomposites. These include nanomaterials with only one dimension in the nanometre range (e.g. nano-clay), those with two dimensions in the nanometre scale (e.g. carbon nanotubes) and those that have all three dimensions in the nanometre scale (e.g. spherical silver nanoparticles), as stated earlier. Thus nanosize thin layered aluminosilicates or nanoclays, layer double hydroxide (LDH), a large number of nanoparticles of metals and their oxides, carbon nanotubes and cellulose nanofibres are used as nanomaterials in the preparation of vegetable oil-based polymer nanocomposites. 

In the last decade, considerable progress was observed in the field of PO/compatibil-izer (predominantly on the base of PO-g-MA)/organo-surface-modified clay nanocomposites. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and ethylene-propylene (EP) rubber are one of the most widely used POs as matrix polymers in the preparation of nanocomposites [3,4,6,30-52]. The PO silicate/silica (other clay minerals, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, or other nanoparticles) nanocomposite and nanohybrid materials, prepared using intercalation/exfoliation of functionalized polymers in situ processing and reactive extrusion systems, have attracted the interest of many academic and industrial researchers because they frequently exhibit unexpected hybrid properties synergisti-cally derived from the two components [9,12,38-43]. One of most promising composite systems are nanocomposites based on organic polymers (thermoplastics and thermosets). 

Hu, L., Jiang, G., Xu, S., Pan, C., Zou, H. (2006) Monitoring Enzyme Reaction and Screening Enzyme Inhibitor Based on MALDI-TOF-MS Platform with a Matrix of Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 17 1616-1619. 

Gao Z, Bandosz TJ, Zhao Z et al (2009) Investigation of factors affecting adsorption of transition metals on oxidized carbon nanotubes. J Hazard Mater 167 357-365. doi 10.1016/j. jhazmat.2009.01.050... 

Direct covalent linkage of nucleic acids to carbon nanotubes for cell uptake experiments has been reported by only a few investigators. The most direct procedure involved activation of the carboxyl functional group on oxidized carbon nanotubes by the water soluble carbodiimide l-[3-(dimethylpropyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) followed by incubation with nucleic acid. The nucleic acid became associated with the carbon nanotubes, presumably through acylation of nucleobase amino groups as illustrated in Fig. 18.9. 

Kim I-H, Kim J-H, Kim K-B (2005) Electrochtani-cal characterization of electrochemically prepared ruthenium oxide/carbon nanotube electrode for supercapacitor application. Electrochtan Solid-State Lett 8 A369... 

Manganese Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications... 

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