Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA infection

Reduce Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection... by reliably implementing scientifically proven infection control practices... 

Answer Yes. Vancomycin is the drug of choice (in fact, the only effective drug currently available) for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. It is bactericidal and thus important for treatment of a leukopenic individual. 

Gemmell CG, Edwards Dl, Fraise AP et al.(2006) Guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK. journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 57 589-608. 

Bacteria are present on everyone s hands and skin. In the simplest terms, some are good bacteria (skin flora may prevent pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface), while other bacteria are dangerous and can induce infection such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics generally used to treat ordinary staph infections. 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is a major cause of infection in the developed countries, is now resistant to most antibiotics. It is usually present on the skin, where it causes no problems, but it can invade the body through cuts and wounds, including those caused by surgery. These bacteria are now prevalent in many hospitals, so that infection is a major problem for the medical staff in hospitals. The resistant bacterium is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is also known in the mass media as the super bug . Penicillin kiUs bacteria because the P-lactam group in the antibiotic inhibits a reaction that is essential for bacterial ceU wall production. Consequently, the bacteria cannot proliferate. Resistance to penicillin in many bacteria is due to production of an enzyme, p-lactamase, that degrades P-lactams. The antibiotic methicillin is one of a group of semisynthetic penicillins in which the P-lactam group is not... 

Some of the organotin-containing polymers inhibit Candias albicans, the yeast responsible for infections in humans better than commercially available applications while leaving the normal flora unharmed. Others inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (structure 11.22), preferentially. 

Methicillin and oxacillin their use is now confined to laboratory sensitivity tests. Identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients indicates the organisms are resistant to flucloxacillin and cloxacillin, all other P-lactam antibiotics and often to other antibacterial drugs, and demands special infection-control measures. 

Vancomycin as a prophylactic agent should be limited to cases in which there is a documented history of life-threatening /S-lactam hypersensitivity or where the incidence of infections with organisms resistant to cefazolin (e.g., methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]) is high enough to justify use. 

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. It is directly responsible for about 1,000 deaths per annum in the UK, is a contributory factor in many more, and imposes a considerable financial burden on health services. Standard microbiological methods take from 2-4 days to determine the presence of MRSA in clinical samples. This limits the value of testing to the monitoring of infection trends rather than in the provision of information to aid in the treatment of patients. A rapid test could be used both to guide the prescription of antibiotics and to identify patients carrying MRSA as a tool in infection control. 

The aminoglycoside, arbekacin (6), is a derivative of dibekacin and is effective against most resistant strains. It showed remarkable antimicrobial effects on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a leading cause of nosocomial infections. Since its introduction, arbekacin (6)has been clinically used as one of the most effective antibiotics in the treatment of MRSA infections (11). 

It Is easier to demonstrate synergy in vitro than in vivo, and concerns about the toxic contribution of the sulfonamide (and, doubtless, commercial considerations as well) have led to a recent vogue for the use of trimethoprim alone. Trimethoprim has a broad spectrum in vitro, so it Is potentially useful against many microorganisms. Combined with sulfamethoxazole, it Is used for oral treatment of urinary tract infections, shigellosis, otitis media, traveler s diarrhea, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Legionella infection, and bronchitis. 

Invisible killers such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other antibiotic resistant pathogens such as Clostridium difficile are a major cause of morbidity and mortality within hospitals worldwide. Current statistics put Ae instances of Hospital Acquired Infection at 300,000 per year incurring an added cost to the health service due to H.A.I. s. In 2000 the estimated cost to the NHS was as much as 1 billion. With instances of HAI s increasing (cases of C-DifBcile rose by 17% in 2005) the need to prevent cross-infection and reduce environmental contamination in hospitals has never been greater. 

Microsphaerins A-D (1074-1077, Fig. 13.31) were found to be produced by the anamorphic soil fungus Microsphaeropsis sp. via a bioassay-guided isolation process (685). These species were identified as being inhibitory for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which has been demonstrated to have an almost 20% lethality rate among infected patients in one study of U.S. hospitals (686). 

Like the battle against viruses, the war to stop bacterial and parasitic infections has reached the critical stage, with multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), killing thousands of people annually in the United States [196]. Likewise, tuberculosis (TB) has killed about 1 billion people worldwide over the past two centuries. Some 3.5 milUon people in India are currently infected with TB [197]. 

Bounthavong M, Hsu DI. Efficacy and safety of linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI) a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2010 26(2) 407-21. 

Carson C.F. and S. Messager, 2005. Tea tree oil A potential alternative for the management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Attif. Infect. Control., 10 32-34. 

A number of papers have demonstrated the in vitro effects of various essential oils against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for example, Lippia origanoides (Dos Santos et al., 2004), Backhousia citriodora (Hayes and Markovic, 2002), Mentha piperita, Mentha arvensis, and Mentha spicata (Imai et al., 2001), md Melaleuca alternifolia (Carson et al., 1995). There have been no trials involving the use of essential oils to combat active MRSA infections, although there have been two studies involving the use of tea tree oil as a topical decolonization agent for MRSA carriers. 

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