Microbiological methods for

Ketones may be prepared from 5a- and 5/5-saturated-3-ketones, A -3-ketones, A -3-ketones and 5a-A -3-ketones. At one time it was the only direct chemical alternative to microbiological methods for the preparation of the prednisone type of corticoids. A -Double bond formation is not observed, although A -trienones can be prepared from A -3-ketones. In common with DDQ, selenium dioxide is not normally useful for the preparation of A -3-ketones from 5a-3-ketones or A -3-ketones from 5j5-3-ketones. 

Gravimetric, photometric, chromatographic, enzymatic, and microbiological methods for the determination of amino acids are reviewed and discussed. Marked advances have been made during the present decade in methods applicable to the determination of amino acids, and with the development of new analytical methods it should soon be possible to determine all the amino acids of biological importance with a degree of accuracy sufficient for practical as well as many theoretical purposes. 

Stannard C. J., Petit S.B. Skinner F. A. (1989) Rapid Microbiological Methods for Foods, Beverages and Pharmaceuticals. Society of Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 25. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. 

Morgan P, RJ Watkinson (1989b) Microbiological methods for the cleanup of soil and ground water contaminated with halogenated organic compounds. FEMS Microbiol Revs 63 277-300. 

Baiba, M., Al-Awadhi, N., and Al-Daher, R., Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil Microbiological methods for feasibility assessment and field evaluation, J Microbiol Methods, 32 (2), 155-164, 1998. 

Davison, M. J. Microbiological method for the removal of contaminants from coal. Patent No. W08601820. 1986, March 27. 

Kurashov, V. M., Microbiological method for enriching petrol and petroleum products by isoparaffin and aromatic hydrocarbons with simultaneous removal of injurious additives and means for carrying out said method. Patent No. WO0246445. 2002, June 13. 

Introduction of microbiological methods for the determination of amino acids made possible the estimation of the amount of both free and combined amino acids in urine. Dunn et al. (D4), Thompson and Kirby (Tl), Eckhard and Davidson (El), and Woodson et al. (W3) estimated the amount of amino acids liberated in the course of acid or, as in the case of tryptophan determination, alkaline hydrolysis. Microbiological and colorimetric methods used for the determination of certain amino acids present very little opportunity for evaluating the proper quantitative relations between free and combined amino acids, since under the applied condition both combined and free amino acids are equally involved in the reaction. In 1949 Albanese et al. (A3) applied such methods to the quantitative determination of free and combined amino acids in the nondiffusible fraction of urine, and subjected the procedures to broad criticism from just this point of view. 

Antimicrobial acrylic fibers, 11 215-219 Antimicrobial agents, 12 31. See also Antimicrobial compounds in continuous-filament yarns, 19 758 as preservatives, 12 57-59 silylating agents and, 22 700 as soap bar additives, 22 746 sulfonamides as, 23 494 Antimicrobial compounds, microbiological methods for determining, 20 132 Antimicrobial nanoemulsion technology, 3 630-631... 

Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment Water and Wastes... 

In a comparison with microbiological methods for penicillin in milk. Moats concluded that the TLC (75) and HPLC (78) methods described for milk were comparable in sensitivity for penicillin G and far more sensitive for cloxacillin. Other reported methods vary greatly in sensitivity. The two reported HPLC methods for... 

The application of chromatographic methods to analyze the residues of macrolide antibiotics has been very limited. Moats (85) listed four TLC and one HPLC method for tylosin and one TLC method for erythromycin. In a comparison of the HPLC and microbiological methods for incurred residues in swine, the HPLC method was more sensitive and usually gave higher results (86). 

Table 27.1 Microbiological Methods for Screening Residual Antibacterials in Milk... 

A recent interlaboratory comparison of HPLC and microbiological methods for total riboflavin revealed significant variability between the 13 participating laboratories (42). The extraction and hydrolysis of the riboflavin coenzymes were cited as the most likely sources of this variability. A later intercomparison (70) of riboflavin methods showed lower variability between laboratories, although coefficients of variability (CV) of 12-40% were still reported. 

Recent interlaboratory comparisons of HPLC and microbiological methods for vitamin B6 revealed significant variability among laboratories (42,70). The extraction and hydrolysis of the B6 vitamers, especially the pyridoxine-/ -glucoside (PNG) in plant-based foods, were cited as problem areas. Other sources of analytical error included HPLC (mis)identification of the individual B6 vitamers, and vitamer interconversion during extraction and analysis. 

Three recent reviews included HPLC methods for food folacin. Mullin and Duch (122) reviewed selected HPLC methods for determining the folacin vitamers in foods, biological tissues, and pharmaceuticals. They also included paper chromatography, TLC, and microbiological methods. Russell (44) reviewed selected HPLC methods published between 1990 and 1994 for folacin quantitation in foods, including a brief review of the reference methods. Ball (45) reviewed HPLC and microbiological methods for the quantitation of folacin in food samples. 

Good agreement with results from AOAC International manual method for thiamine and with AOAC International automated and microbiological methods for riboflavin. 

Results were lower than AOAC International microbiological method for total vitamin B6. 

Several microbiological methods for the analysis of vitamin Bg in biological materials and other products have been reported (145-147). 

Richard Block s Amino Acid Handbook is a compendium of analytical procedures and analytical results. Among the analytical procedures a chapter is devoted to the microbiological methods, and it is from a study of microbiological methods for the determination of amino acids that the studies here summarized have developed. More detailed accounts of various phases of the work have been published (1-15). 

Kiener, A., Roduit, J.P., and Gloeckler, R. 1996. Microbiological method for the synthesis of heteroaromatic caboxylic acids using microorganisms of the genus Alcaligenes. EP-B 0747486. 

Cozzarelli 1. M., Suflita J. M., Ulrich G. A., Harris S. H., Scholl M. A., Schlottmann J. L., and Christenson S. (2000) Geochemical and microbiological methods for evaluating anaerobic processes in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4025—4033. 

Quality control of the finished product. The cissay methods, including physical cmd chemical methods, and, where appropriate, biological and microbiological methods. For products analyzed by pharmacopoeial eissay, a photocopy of the method, indicating the name cmd edition of the pharmacopoeia, has to be attached. If the product is manufactured at severed sites, a certificate of the authorities regarding proper GMP at each of the sites, and full details on the sites have to be submitted ... 

Fig. 12.3b. Representation of Z-scores for evaluating the performance of microbiological methods for faecal enterococci in comparison with a reference method. (SMT, MICROBATH project, courtesy of T. Simonard, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France, 1998).

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