Commercial considerations

A study conducted in 1986 by the Brookings Institution concluded that consumers in the US saved 6 billion annually in fares and the airline industry experienced an average annual profit of 2.5 billion since domestic de-regulation in 1978. See Morrison and Winston (1986). 

The DoT and Department of Justiee of the US review anti trust eases on a case by case basis. See DoT order to show cause, 96-5-26, OST-95-618. 

the Court decided that certain specific provisicms and areas covered in the questioned bilateral agreements between individual EU members and the US were contrary to EU law since they encroached upon internal EU regulations pertaining to non EU nationals. These laws concern  

Those in respect of which convergence could take the form of mutual recognition and 

Those which could in principle be left at the discretion of each party. 

---

Methods for reconstmcting the C-17 side chain from intermediates such as androstendione have been developed. These are used when commercial considerations favor the production of androstanes, but pregnanes are the ultimate goal (25,30). 

Once the need for a LIMS has been justified, specifications have been written, and available vendors surveyed, the LIMS selection process begins. Each vendor s product must be evaluated for conformance to the specification and flexibiUty for future modifications. If an adequate solution is not available commercially, consideration must be given to constmcting a custom LIMS solution. This could be done in-house or by contractors. If the custom option is preferred, resources needed for future modifications and maintenance should be factored into the cost. 

Tangible support means not only resources but also standing relative to other company priorities. PSM needs legitimacy as a business objective to hold its own in situations requiring a trade-off between long-term process improvement and short-term commercial considerations. No matter how deeply committed safety professionals may be, this legitimacy can only be conferred by top management, who ultimately must make those trade-off decisions. 

However, all of the functions in the formula, excluding the trade effluent functions Ot and Os, are different for each of the water companies and are reviewed annually. Therefore the unit costs of charges vary between the companies. Subject to other commercial considerations, the cost of trade waste charges could influence the water company area in which to locate an industrial plant. The conditions imposed in the Consent to Discharge could influence the location within an area most beneficial to plant location. 

Despite these advantages, deep (submerged) cultures were still deemed to be the most viable route to satisfying the market demand for penicillin. It was estimated that a surface culture equivalent to 2 hectares would be required to produce the same amount of penicillin as a deep culture equivalent to 5 x 104 litres. The desire to switch to deep cultures was thus driven by commercial consideration. 

Justifications for the use of nonstandard (i.e., nonpreferred or nonpharmacopeial) methods of sterilization may include the heat instability of the active ingredient or an essential excipient. The choice of a method based on filtration through a microbial retentive filter and/or aseptic assembly should be justified, and the appropriate in process controls (including bioburden controls on active ingredients, excipients, bulk solutions, process time constraints etc) discussed in detail in the application. Commercial considerations should not form part of the argument for the application of a nonstandard sterilization process. The highest possible sterility assurance level should be achieved. 

In this section, we will describe and explain the fundamentals for both, thermodynamic and commercial considerations. We will start looking at the basics of heat transfer in PCM, how the heat flux and time to complete a phase change are calculated. Later we will look at the design of complete storages to supply a warm or cold heat transfer fluid (liquid or gas) and discuss general design strategies. 

The push to make ever smaller and denser arrays of electronic devices may be inspired by technological feasibility, but it is driven by commercial considerations and by Moore s empirical law [13] ever since the 1960s, the minimum distance or design rule (DR) between components in integrated circuits has halved every... 

Identification of super-potent insulin forms (insulins with higher receptor affinities). This is due to commercial considerations, namely the economic benefits that would accrue from utilizing smaller quantities of insulin per therapeutic dose. 

Since factors other than innovation, such as commercial considerations affecting foreign entry onto the U.S. market, influence the observed patterns, analysis of the national origin of NCEs using the definitions employed here is not a highly sensitive or specific measure of pharmaceutical innovation. However, the observed trends are consistent with the tightening of regulatory policies first in the U.S. and then subsequently abroad. 

Since light is a costly form of energy its use can be acceptable for industrial applications only when the overall reactions have very high quantum yields, or when the final products are in any case expensive. This applies in particular to pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, and here photochemical processes can be used within the requirements of commercial considerations. 

The tendering process is primarily associated with the overall engineering and commercial considerations but is important to the validation program in that it provides the means to ... 

A standard is now available, specifically, IEC 61158, Digital Data Communications for Measurement and Control. In most industries, a standard defines only one way of doing something, but not in the computer industry. IEC 61158 defines five different communications technologies. Several manufacturers had selected a direction, and standards are not immune to commercial considerations. The net result is that one person s field bus might not be the same as another s. Most plants select one technology for their field bus, although it is possible to have multiple field bus interfaces on a control system and not have all the same type. 

Industry experts today suggest conversions of 40-50 percent and selectivities above 80 percent based on methane and oxygen as the minimum needed for commercial consideration after fixed and variable costs are added. Nonetheless, methane oxidative coupling holds the most promising combination of process simplicity, product slate versatility and low cost, and worldwide raw material availability not offered now by practiced fuel and chemical feedstock technologies. 

At the other end of the spectrum, a number of countries still exclude several inventions - mainly on food and medicines - from patentability. (For a discussion of the underlying ethical and commercial considerations see, for example, Tobias, 1992.) In the last few years many of those countries have abolished these exclusions, others also consider changing their policies. 

Nomenclature nor is it practicable always to present each drug under a single name because the formulations in which they are presented as prescribable medicines may vary widely and commercial considerations are too often paramount. 

---