Membrane bioreactor performance

Curcio S, Calabro V, Iorio G (2006) A theoretical and experimental analysis of a membrane bioreactor performance in recycle configuration. J Membr Sci 273 129-142... 

Calabro V, Curcio S, De Paola M G, lorio G (2009b), Optimization of membrane bioreactor performance during enzymatic oxidation of waste bio-polyphenols . 

Curdo S, Calabro V, lorio G (2000), An experimental analysis of membrane bioreactor performances with immobihzed chymosin , J. Membrane ScL, 173(2), 247-261. 

Saddoud, A., EUouze, M., Dhouib, A., Sayadi, S. (2006). A comparative study on the anaerobic membrane bioreactor performance during the treatment of domestic wastewaters of various origins. Environmental Technology, 27, 991—999. 

Curcio, S., V. Calabro, and G. lorio. 2006. A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of a Membrane Bioreactor Performance in Recycle Configuration. Journal of Membrane Science 273 (1-2) 129-142. 

Sridang, P.C., Pottier, A., Wisniewski, C., and Grasmick, A., Performance and microbial surveying in submerged membrane bioreactor for seafood processing wastewater treatment, Journal of Membrane Science, 317,43-49, 2008. 

Generally, a distinction can be made between membrane bioreactors based on cells performing a desired conversion and processes based on enzymes. In ceU-based processes, bacteria, plant and mammalian cells are used for the production of (fine) chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food additives or for the treatment of waste streams. Enzyme-based membrane bioreactors are typically used for the degradation of natural polymeric materials Hke starch, cellulose or proteins or for the resolution of optically active components in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, food and chemical industry [50, 51]. In general, only ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF)-based processes have been reported and little is known on the application of reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) in membrane bioreactors. Additionally, membrane contactor systems have been developed, based on micro-porous polyolefin or teflon membranes [52-55]. 

Conversions in two-liquid-phase systems are promising. Although these reactions can be performed in a stirred emulsion system, the use of membrane bioreactors can be advantageous. In addition to retaining the biocatalyst in the reactor, the membrane also serves as a separator between aqueous and organic phase, thus avoiding energydemanding phase separations (Prazeres and Cabral, 1994). 

M. Cheryan and M.A. Mehaia, Membrane Bioreactors for High-performance Fermentations, in Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration, S. Sourirajan and T. Matsura (eds), ACS Symposium Series Number 281, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 231-246 (1985). 

Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S.J. (2003) Impact of aeration, solids concentration and membrane characteristics on the hydraulic performance of a membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 218,117—129. Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S.J. (2005) Comparison of submerged and side-stream tubular membrane bioreactor configurations. Desalination, 173, 113-122. 

Rosenberger, S., Laabs, C., Lesjean, B., Gnirss, R., Amy, G., Jekel, M. and Schrotter, J.-C. (2006) Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research, 40(4), 710-720. 

The production of substances that preserve the food from contamination or from oxidation is another important field of membrane bioreactor. For example, the production of high amounts of propionic acid, commonly used as antifungal substance, was carried out by a continuous stirred-tank reactor associated with ultrafiltration cell recycle and a nanofiltration membrane [51] or the production of gluconic acid by the use of glucose oxidase in a bioreactor using P E S membranes [52]. Lactic acid is widely used as an acidulant, flavor additive, and preservative in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. As an intermediate product in mammalian metabolism, L( +) lactic acid is more important in the food industry than the D(—) isomer. The performance of an improved fermentation system, that is, a membrane cell-recycle bioreactors MCRB was studied [53, 54], the maximum productivity of 31.5 g/Lh was recorded, 10 times greater than the counterpart of the batch-fed fermentation [54]. 

It is significant that the reaction mixture was worked up by removal of the unreacted ester by hexane extraction and concentration of the aqueous layer to obtain the desired (i )-amino acid. The process has a high throughput and was easy to handle on a large scale. However, because of the nature of a batch process, the enzyme catalyst could not be effectively recovered, adding significantly to the cost of the product. In the further scale up to 100-kg quantity productions, the resolution process was performed using Sepracor s membrane bioreactor module. The enzyme was immobilized by entrapment into the interlayer of the hollow-fiber membrane. Water and the substrate amino ester as a neat oil or hexane solution were circulated on each side of the membrane. The ester was hydrolyzed enantioselectively by the enzyme at the membrane interface, and the chiral acid product... 

Figure 17.5 Scheme of the reaction runs performed in UF-membrane bioreactor in the presence of high substrate concentration inactivating the nitrile hydratase activity (for... 

G. Catapano, G. lorio, E. Drioli, and M. Filosa, Experimental analysis of a cross-flow membrane bioreactor with entrapped whole cells Influence of trans-membrane pressure and substrate feed concentration on reactor performance, J. Membrane Sci 55 325 (1988). 

Yoon SH, Lee HS, and Kim CG. Comparison of pilot scale performances between membrane bioreactor and hybrid conventional wastewater treatment systems. J Mem Sci, 2004 242(1-2) 5-12. 

Dufresne R, LavaUee HC, Lebrun RE, and Lo SN, Comparison of performance between membrane bioreactor and activated sludge system for the treatment of pulping process wastewaters. Tappi J. 1998 81(4) 131-135. 

Innocent L, BolzoneUa D, Pavan P, and Cecchi F. Effect of sludge age on the performance of a membrane bioreactor Influence on nutrient and metals removal. Desalination 2002 146 467 74. 

Ng HY and Hermanowicz SW. Membrane bioreactor operation at short sobds retention times Performance and biomass characteristics. 

Song K-G, Choung Y-K, Ahn K-H, Cho J, and Yun H. Performance of membrane bioreactor system with sludge ozonation process for minimization of excess sludge production. Desalination. 2003 157 353-359. 

C. B. Ersu and S. K. Ong, Operating Characteristics and Treatment Performance of a Membrane Bioreactor Using Tubular Ceramic Membrane, IWA Environmental Biotechnology Advancement on Water and Wastewater Applications in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 9-10, 2003. 

Relatively long reaction times may be required in biofilm bioreactors to obtain the required MTBE-effluent concentrations. For example, Kharoune et al. [96] report a 98% removal of MTBE with a 24h HRT, while the performance declined significantly with a HRT of 13 h. However, Zein et al. [42] reported that for the BCR, the important variables affecting performance where sludge age and high biomass sohds, not HRT. In general, lower effluent MTBE concentrations can be achieved with membrane bioreactors, as transport limitations of contaminants in bacterial biofihns are circumvented [42,55,56]. On the other hand, Pruden et al. [38] report lower TBA effluent concentrations obtained with the fluidized bed bioreactor setup. 

The concept of coupling reaction with membrane separation has been applied to biological processes since the seventies. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) have been extensively studied, and today many are in industrial use worldwide. MBR development was a natural outcome of the extensive utilization membranes had found in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The dairy industry, in particular, has been a pioneer in the use of microfiltra-tion (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Applications include the processing of various natural fluids (milk, blood, fruit juices, etc.), the concentration of proteins from milk, and the separation of whey fractions, including lactose, proteins, minerals, and fats. These processes are typically performed at low temperature and pressure conditions making use of commercial membranes. 

Yildiz E., Keskinler B., Pekdemir T., Akay G., Nihoglu A. 2005. High strength wastewater treatment in a jet loop membrane bioreactor Kinetics and performance evaluation, Chem. Eng. Sd., 60, 1103-1116. 

Kargupta K., Siddhartha D. and Sanyal S.K. Analysis of the performance of a continuous membrane bioreactor with cell recycling during ethanol fermentation. Biochemical Engineering Journal 1 (1) (1998) 31-37. 

Tewari PK, Singh RK, Batra VS, and Balakrishnan M. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment Filtration performance evaluation of low cost polymeric and ceramic membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2010 71 200-204. 

---