Submerged membranes

Sridang, P.C., Pottier, A., Wisniewski, C., and Grasmick, A., Performance and microbial surveying in submerged membrane bioreactor for seafood processing wastewater treatment, Journal of Membrane Science, 317,43-49, 2008. 

Yang W, Cicek N (2008) Treatment of swine wastewater by submerged membrane bioreactors with consideration of estrogenic activity removal. Desalination 231 200-208... 

Another setup used for the hydrogenation of DMI with Ru-BINAP was equipped with dense PDMS elastomer membranes (Jacobs et al. [48]). The catalyst solution was present in a submerged membrane system, prepared as a sealed PDMS capsule . The catalytically active complex was retained by the membrane while substrate and products, dissolved in the bulk phase, could cross the membrane under the influence of the concentration difference without the need for mechanical pressure. 

Wen X, Ding H, Huang X, Liu R (2004) Treatment of hospital wastewater using a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem 39 1427-1431... 

Du C, Wu Z, Xiao E et al (2008) Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic waste water. J Environ Sci (China) 20(10) 1210-1217... 

In recent years some studies were performed using submerged membrane modules coupled to photocatalytic systems for the removal of organic pollutants such as fulvic acid [84], bisphenol-A [85], para-chlorobenzoate [86]. 

The ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane used in the described submerged membrane photoreactors showed high fluxes and a good removal efficiency of organic molecules, nevertheless, they are not able to reject compounds with low molecular weight. 

Particular attention is addressed to the permeate flux and to this purpose some preliminary experiments were realized on a different configuration of membrane photoreactor with a submerged membrane module located separately from the photoreactor. Bubbled oxygen on the membrane surface has the roles to reduce the catalyst deposition, to increase the flux through the membrane and to facilitate the photocatalytic reaction. 

The submerged membrane photoreactor was more advantageous in terms of permeate flux, with values almost twice those measured with the flat-sheet membranes. Nevertheless, the UF membranes used in the submerged system were not able to reject the drug and its degradation products [94],... 

Bouhabila, E.H., Ben Aim, R. and Buisson, H. (1998) Microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling (application to wastewater treatment). Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production, Amsterdam. 

Davies, W.J., Le, M.S. and Heath, C.R. (1998) Intensified activated sludge process with submerged membrane microfiltration. Water Science and Technology, 38 (4-5), 421-428. 

Ji, L. and Zhou, J. (2006) Influence of aeration on microbial polymers and membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 276, 168-177. 

Judd, S. (2002) Submerged membrane bioreactors plate or hollow fibre Filtration... 

Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B., Chang, I.-S. and Judd, S.J. (2003) Critical flux determination by the flux-step method in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 227, 81-93. 

Li, M., Xiufen, L., Du, G., Chen, J. and Shen, Z. (2005) Influence of the filtration modes on colloid adsorption on the membrane in submerged membrane bioreactor. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 264 (1-3), 120-125. 

Rosenberger, S., Witzig, R., Manz, W., Szewzyk, U. and Kraume, M. (2002) Performance of a bioreactor with submerged membranes for aerobic treatment of municipal waste water. Water Research, 36, 413—420. 

Ueda, T., Hata, K., Kikuoka, Y. and Seino, O. (1997) Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 31 (3), 489-494. 

Some of the largest plants for seawater desalination, wastewater treatment and gas separation are already based on membrane engineering. For example, the Ashkelon Desalination Plant for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), in Israel, has been fully operational since December 2005 and produces more than 100 million m3 of desalinated water per year. One of the largest submerged membrane bioreactor unit in the world was recently built in Porto Marghera (Italy) to treat tertiary water. The growth in membrane installations for water treatment in the past decade has resulted in a decreased cost of desalination facilities, with the consequence that the cost of the reclaimed water for membrane plants has also been reduced. 

This is because the entire tank containing the submerged membrane cartridge must be filled with chemical to clean the membranes (note that spacers are used to occupy space to minimize this factor). 

Fane, Anthony G. "Submerged Membranes" in Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2008. 

Over the past decade, there has been an upsurge of interest in the use of gas bubbles to enhance membrane processes. The typical applications include two-phase flow filtration with tubular membranes and submerged membrane systems. A major stimulus for the latter has been the development of MBRs. 

FIGURE 8.39 Effect of gas velocity on final flux in filtration with submerged membranes. (From Figure 7 in Chang, S. and Fane, A.G., J. Membr. Sci., 184, 221, 2001. With permission.)... 

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