Biological detoxification

Livingston, A.G., Brookes, P.R., Biological Detoxification of a 3-chloronitrobenzene Manufacture Wastewater in an Extractive Membrane Bioreactor, Water Research, v.28, pp.1347-1354, 1994. 

Kutney JP, E Dimitriadis, GM Hewitt, PJ Salisbury, M Singh (1982) Studies related to biological detoxification of kraft mill effluent IV—the biodegradation of 14-chlorodehydroabietic acid with Mortierella... 

Brooks, P. R. Livingston, A. G. (1994). Biological detoxification of a 3-chloronitrobenzene manufacture wastewater in an extractive membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 28, 1347-54. 

Whitlock, J.L. (1990). Biological detoxification of precious metal processing wastewaters. Geomicrobiology Journal, 8, 241-9-... 

Finally, biological detoxification or biotransformation, or degradation of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin by microbial systems to a metabolite(s) that is... 

Audus, L.J. (1949). The biological detoxification of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in soil. Plant Soil, 2 31-36. 

Bhatnagar D, Lillehoj EB, Bennett JW Biological detoxification of mycotoxin in Smith JE, Henderson RS (eds) Mycotoxins and Animal Foods. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1991, pp 815-826. Lopez-Garcia R, Park DL Effectiveness of post-harvest procedures in management of mycotoxin hazards in Sinha KK, Bhatnagar D (eds) Mycotoxin in Agriculture and Food Safety. New York, Dekker, 1998, pp 407-434. 

Sengupta, A.K. Millan, E. Roy, T. Potential of ion exchange resins and reactive polymers in elim-inating/reducing hazardous contaminants. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Physicochemical and Biological Detoxification of Hazardous Wastes, Atlantic City, NJ, May 3-5, 1988 191. 

Wang, Y. T., P. C. Pai, and J. L. Latchaw. 1989. Evaluating anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of ozonation products of resistant phenolic compounds. Proceedings of the International Conference on Physicochemical and Biological Detoxification of Hazardous Wastes, 1988, Vol. 2, ed. Y. C. Wu, pp. 759-71. Lancaster, PA Technomic. 

E. Arvin, B. Jensen, E.M. Godsy and D. Grbic-Galic, in International Conference on Physiochemical and Biological Detoxification of Hazardous Wastes, Y.C. Wu (Ed.), 1988, p828. 

Biodegradation of mycotoxins has become an area of great interest. Biological detoxification involves the enzymatic degradation or transformation of toxins to less toxic componnds and is often a detoxification or resistance mechanism nsed by microbes or plants for protection from adverse impacts of toxins. It has been shown that S. cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria are potential candidates for mycotoxin decontamination (Halady Shetty Jespersen, 2006). 

Eriksen GS, Pettersson H, Lindberg JE. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 3-acetyl DON in pigs. Arch Tieremahr. 2003 57 335-345. Karlovsky P. Biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives. Aypl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 91 491-504. 

In a later study McNamara et al. ° reported the lethal eoneentration, 50% (LCtso) values for 2, 60 and 360 min exposures (Table 2.1) and stated that the effect of the same dose of SM was less when delivered over a longer period of time, which they concluded was due to biological detoxification of the agent. However information on how this study was conducted is not reported in any detail and the results should be evaluated in this light. A summary of the toxicity studies in animals is given in Table 2.2. 

Okada M, Tachikawa K, Aoi K (1999) Biodegradable polymers based on renewable resources. IIL copolyesters composed of 1,4 3,6-dianhydro-D-glucitol, l,l-bis(5-carboxy-2-furyl)ethaneand aliphatic dicarboxylic acid units. J Appl Polym Sci 74(14) 3342-3350 Okuda N, Soneura M, Ninomiya K, Katakura Y, Shioya S (2008) Biological detoxification of waste house wood hydrolysate using Ureibacillus thermosphaericus for bioethanol production. J Biosci Bioeng 106(2) 128-133... 

Although the preceding study artificially amended hydrolysates with known toxins, actual concentrations of these fermentation inhibitors in the final steam-exploded and acid-catalyzed hydrolysates depend on the severity of pretreatment eonditions and the type of biomass being processed. Generally, removal or conversion of these inhibitory compounds is the most efficient pretreatment procedure for subsequent fermentation and bioconversion of the hydrolysate. There are a variety of physical, chemical, and biological detoxification procedures (Mussatto and Roberto, 2004b) that effectively reduce the concentration of toxic compounds or convert these substances to nontoxic derivatives. 

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