Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors

Another type of microbiological reactor is the hollow fiber membrane bioreactor shown in Figure 13.19. In this device, the microbial cells are trapped on... 

The value AP can change in the axial direction in the hollow fiber (AP is the pressure drop in the membrane matrix due to the momentum transfer, the velocity through the membrane is u0 , where e is the membrane porosity). Kelsey etal. [11] have solved the equation system in all three cases, namely for closed-shell operation, partial ultrafiltration and complete ultrafiltration and have plotted the dimensionless axial and radial velocities as well as the flow streamlines. Typical axial and radial velocity profiles are shown in the hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor at several axial positions in Figure 14.8 plotted by Kelsey etal. [ 11]. This figure illustrates clearly the change of the relative values of both the axial and the radial velocity [V=vL/(u0Ro), U=u/u0 where uc is the inlet centerline axial velocity]. 

Figure 14.8 Axial (top panel and radial (bottom panel) velocity profiles in the hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor at several axial position for a= 1 +8/R0 = 1.7 p/Ot = 1.4 (where (5 = Rs/...

Mass Transport in the Feed Side of the Hollow-Fiber Membrane Bioreactor... 

Kelsey LJ, Pillarella MR, Zydney AL (1990) Theoretical analysis of convective flow profiles in a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor. Chem Eng Sci 45 3211-3220... 

There have been numerous studies exploring the concept of membrane reactors. Many of them, however, are related to biotechnological applications where enzymes are used as catalysts in such reactions as saccharification of celluloses and hydrolysis of proteins at relatively low temperatures. Some applications such as production of monoclonal antibodies in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor have just begun to be commercialized. 

Aziz CE, Fitch MW, Linquist LK, Pressman JG, Georgiou G, and Speitel GE, Methanotropic biodegradation of trichloroethylene in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Environmental Science and Technology 1995, 29(10), 2574-2583. 

Sun X, Shi Y, Yu H, and Shen Z. Bioconversion of acrylnitrile to acrylamide using hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor system. Biochem Eng J, 2004 18(3) 239-243. 

An example of aldehyde formation is the production of isovaleraldehyde by Gluconobacter oxydans R (Fig. 16.2-45) 202, 206. Glycerol-grown Gluconobacter oxydans slowly oxidizes 3-methyl-l-butanol to isovaleraldehyde, with yields of over 90%. The product was recovered by bisulphite trapping or cold traps 202. Extractive bioconversion in a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor allowed continuous produc-... 

Robertson and his colleagues at Stanford University have examined hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors as a means for continuous... 

Some of the efforts, so far, to model such membrane bioreactors seem to not have considered the complications that may result from the presence of the biomass. Tharakan and Chau [5.101], for example, developed a model and carried out numerical simulations to describe a radial flow, hollow fiber membrane bioreactor, in which the biocatalyst consisted of a mammalian cell culture placed in the annular volume between the reactor cell and the hollow fibers. Their model utilizes the appropriate non-linear kinetics to describe the substrate consumption however, the flow patterns assumed for the model were based on those obtained with an empty reactor, and would probably be inappropriate, when the annular volume is substantially filled with microorganisms. A model to describe a hollow-fiber perfusion system utilizing mouse adrenal tumor cells as biocatalysts was developed by Cima et al [5.102]. In contrast, to the model of Tharakan and Chau [5.101], this model took into account the effect of the biomass, and the flow pattern distribution in the annular volume. These effects are of key importance for conditions encountered in long-term cell cultures, when the cell mass is very dense and small voids can completely distort the flow patterns. However, the model calculations of Cima et al. [5.102] did not take into account the dynamic evolution of the cell culture due to growth, and its influence on the permeate flow rate. Their model is appropriate for constant biocatalyst concentration. 

Steady state models of membrane bioreactors utilizing a multi-enzyme system, which in addition to the main reaction promotes the simultaneous regeneration of the co-factor (for further discussion see Chapter 4) have been developed by different groups in Japan [5.109, 5.110]. Several of these studies have also considered the effect of backmixing [5.111, 5.112]. A model of an enzymatic hollow fiber membrane bioreactor with a single enzyme, which utilizes two different substrates (reaction 5.42) has been developed recently by Salzman et al [5.113]. 

L. De Bartolo, S. Salerno, E. Curcio, A. Pisdoneri, M. Rende, S. MorelU, F. TasselU, A. Bader, E. DrioU, Human hepatocyte functions in a crossed hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Biomaterials 30 (13) (2009) 2531-2543. 

Fig. 14.4.1.2. Schematic diagram of a two-phase hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor system for hydrolytic epoxide resolution. [After reference 8]. The yeast cells contain an epoxide hydrolase that enantioselectively hydrolyzes racemic epoxide resulting in enantiopure epoxide that partitions to the organic phase. Diol produced partitions to the water phase.

Calabrb V, Curcio S, lorio G (2002), A theoretical analysis of mass transfer phenomena in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor with immobilized biocatalyst , / Membrane Set, 206(1-2), 217-241. 

Chung, T. E, Wu, P. C. and Xuang, R. S. 2004. Process development for degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida in hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 87,219-227. 

Li, Y. and Loh, K. -C. 2007a. Hybrid-Hollow-Fiber Membrane Bioreactor for Cometabolic Transformation of 4-Chlorophenol in the Presence of Phenol. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 133,404-410. 

Li, Y. and Loh, K. C. 2007b. Continuous phenol biodegradation at high concentrations in an immobifized-cell hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 105,1732-1739. 

Li, Y. and Wang, C. 2008. Phenol biodegradation in hybrid hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 24,1843-1849. 

Visvanathan, C., Phong, D. D. and Jegatheesan, V. 2008b. Hydrogenotrophic denitrification of highly saline aquaculture wastewater using hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Environmental Technology, 29,701-707. 

F, Bader A, Drioli E (2009), Human hepatocyte functions in a crossed hollow fiber membrane bioreactor . Biomater.,30,2531-2543. 

Pharmaceuticals. Hundreds of pharmaceuticals are proteins made by genetically engineered organisms. Because these reagents are intended for clinical use, they must be produced under completely sterile conditions and are usually grown in disposable (plastic), prepackaged, sterile bioreactor systems. A variety of wave bioreactors, hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors, and variations on these devices help grow the cells that make these products. 

Capromab pendetide (ProstaScint), made by Cyto-gen Corporation, an engineered monoclonal antibody that specifically labels prostate cancers, was the first recombinant protein produced in hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1996. 

C. E. Aziz, M. W. Fitch, L. K. Linguist, J. G. Pressman, and G. Georiou, Methanotro-phic biodegradation of trichloroethylene in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Environ. Sci. Tech., 29, 2574 (1995). 

Figure 9.4 Kinetic resolution with a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor.

Inloes DS, Smith WJ, Taylor DP, Cohen SN, Michaels AS, Robertson CR. 1983. Hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors using immobifized E. coli for protein synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 25(11) 2653-2681. 

Yu, S.S.F., Chen, K.H.C., Tseng, M.Y.H., Wang, Y.S., Tseng, C.F., Chen, Y, Huang, D., and Chan, S. 2003. Production of high-quality particulate methane monooxygenase in high yields from Methylo-coccus capsulatus (Bath) with a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor. J. Bacteriol. 185, 5915. 

HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL TISSUE CULTURE... 

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