Marine environment overview

Khondaker, A.N. (2000) Modeling the fate of drilling waste in marine environment. An overview. Comput. 

Section 2.2.1 summarizes the spectroscopic measurements that have been performed to examine the dynamics of water molecules in hydrate versus ice networks. Sections 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 provide a brief overview of the mechanical and thermal properties, respectively, of hydrates compared to ice. Characterization of these properties will aid in facilitating the accurate interpretation of data obtained from in situ detection measurements of natural hydrates. These natural hydrates occur in sediments in permafrost and marine environments. The hydrate mechanical and thermal properties are also important in the evaluation of the location and distribution of natural hydrates in sediments. (Further details are given in Chapter 7—Hydrates in the Earth.)... 

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EXPLORATION OF THE SEAS PCBs in the marine environment. - an overview. Report of the Advisory Committee on Marine Pollution , ICES Co-operative Research Report, 1982 112 (Annex 4) 43-50. 

Our investigations of the biogeochemistry of DMS have focussed on a variety of coastal marine environments. In this paper we present an overview of our research on the processes leading to DMS production and consumption. We discuss our results in the context of obtaining a broader understanding of DMS cycling in the marine environment. 

Analysis of the chemical and isotopic composition of foraminiferal tests remains one of the most important methods for obtaining information about past marine environments today good examples of their utility can be found in McCorkle et al. (2008) and Cage Austin (2008). Here, we give a brief overview of (i) 8 0, an estabUshed foraminiferal proxy and (ii) foraminiferal Mg/Ca, which is emerging as an important palaeotherm-ometer. A more complete summary of foraminiferal proxies can he found in Wefer et al. (1999) and in Henderson (2002). 

An Overview of the Biogeochemistry of Fossil Fuel Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment... 

In 1966 the formation of aluminosilicates in marine environments was hypothesized by Mackenzie and Garrels (1966) who pointed out the potential significance of this process with respect to the oceanic chemistry and for global elemental cycles. As elements are transferred into solid phase and thus become insoluble this process is referred to reverse weathering . Within the scope of this textbook only a brief overview of the major processes and conditions of formation is intended to be outlined. 

This chapter begins with a brief introduction to the field of photochemistry and a basic overview of interactions with sunlight in the marine environment. This is followed by a discussion of organic photochemistry in the bulk waters of the surface ocean. This discussion centers on CDOM, since this dominates the... 

Agrochemicals, s also Chemicals Phytochernicab from marine environment, insecticidaL uses of amino acids, 244-245 d/tetpwtes, 243 macrolides, 245-246 overview, 242 peptides, 244-245 phosphate esters, 245... 

Laist, D., 1987, Overview of the Biological Effects of Lost and Discarded Plastic Derbis in die Marine Environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin 18(6B) 319-326 Doi, Y., Kanesawa, Y., Tanahashi, N., Kumagai, Y., 1992, Biodegradation of microbial polyesters in the marine environment. Polymer Degradation and Stability 36 173-177... 

Water quality models differ according to the nature of the water body and whether they are steady state or dynamic. Water models have been developed for use with streams, lakes, rivers, estuaries, and marine environments. Table VI provides some overview on a few of the more important types of water models. In general, freshwater stream models are the simplest and those for estuaries are the most complex since they must additionally consider salt water/freshwater interactions. 

Abamou, A., Miossec, L., 1992, Chlorinated waters diseharged to the marine environment chemistry and environmental impact. An overview. The Seienee of the Total Environment, 126,... 

The concentration and behaviour of iron in ocean waters have been briefly outlined in Section 12.1.1 and Table 12-1. (For overviews see also Marine Chemistry , Vol.50 (1995 Nos. 1-4) and Vol. 57 (1997 p. 137-186)). For the determination of open-ocean Fe concentrations (i.e., in the sub-nanomol range) sufficient care must be taken not to contaminate the samples. The methods, specialized procedures and equipment necessary to cope with these extremely low concentrations are described in detail in Section 12.1. and 12.2.1. Here, we outline a spectrophotometric procedure for dissolved Fe concentrations in the pmol/L range. Such amounts occur in the marine environment under anoxic conditions and pH values of around 7 (e.g., in the Baltic or Black Sea). It can be explained by a steady diffusion of Fe(/7) species from organic-rich sediments into stagnant bottom water resulting in the enrichment of rather soluble iron(/l)sulphide. 

Petrakis, L., D.M. Jewell, and W.F. Benusa. 1980. Analytical chemistry of petroleum. An overview of practices in petroleum industry laboratories with emphasis on biodegradation. In L. Petrakis and F.T. Weiss (Eds.), Petroleum in the marine environment. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 23-53. 

The bed surface, in the context of this section, is considered to be nonmobile porous material made of various size solid particles. The particles typically range in diameter from a few millimeters to less than a micron. The various bed types generally reflect the fluid dynamic nature of the water column above the bed. Table 12.7 contains typical porosity values for sediment. Section 12.2.1 contains an overview description of the types of aquatic streams and currents above the beds. These aquatic systems include rivers, lakes, estuaries, shelf, and marine environments. Unlike the air-water interface, the sediment-water interface has a single fluid (i.e aqueous phase) on either side. Water, the continuous phase, exists from within the column above, through the imaginary interface plane and into the porous bed where it is termed porewater. The interface plane is not a sharp one. It can be considered a thin mixed layer of finite thickness in the context of mass-transfer modeling (DiToro, 2001). Visual and physical examination of thin-sliced (0.1mm) layers of a frozen core sample from a lake sediment bed microcosm showed the presence of a finite flocculent layer positioned between the water side and the particles on the bed surface (Formica et al 1988). Little is known about this layer from a mass-transfer perspective, it will not be considered further. Mass transport in those bed surface layers at and below the first layer of solid particles will be the subject of this section. 

Buchan A, JM Gonzalez, MA Moran (2005) Overview of the marine Roseobacter lineage. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5665-5677. 

Although a substantial body of data is available on the levels of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) in rivers and estuaries, fewer studies have been conducted on their environmental behaviour, with reference to the mechanisms involved in their transport and to the reactivity they undergo. Studies of LAS in subterranean water and in the marine medium are scarce and have mainly been conducted in the last decade [2-6], coinciding with the development of new techniques of concentration/separation and analysis of LAS at ppb levels or less. Data on concentrations of sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs) are very scarce and the behaviour of these intermediates has hardly received any study. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on behaviour of LAS and their degradation products in coastal environments. 

Dafner, E. V., and Wangersky, P. J. (2002). A brief overview of modern directions in marine DOC studies Part I Methodological aspects. J. Environ. Monit. 4,48-54. 

Overview of Horn s44 Framework which Identifies Broad Morphological, Chemical, and Microbial Differences in Marine Herbivore Gut Environments... 

Clark, Robin (ed.). 1999. Overview GEO-2000 Global Environment Outlook. Chapter 2, The State of the Environment—North America Marine and Coastal Areas. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). http //www.unep.org/Ge02000/english/ (accessed on May 4, 2006). 

Consequences of Non-steady-state Diagenesis and Impact of Euxinic Environments SULFUR ISOTOPE SYSTEMATICS OF MARINE SEDIMENTS. 7.1 Overview... 

Braune BM, Outridge PM, Fisk AT, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic An overview of spatial and temporal trends. Sci Total Environ 2005 351-2 4-56. 

Anthropogenic inputs to intertidal environments are often direct, through point-source waste disposal, but they are also indirect, from riverine, marine and/or atmospheric sources. Trace metals are partitioned between each component of the intertidal sediment-water system they are found in solution ( bulk water or interstitial water) and associated with suspended and deposited sediments. This chapter is concerned with the biogeochemistry of trace metals in deposited intertidal sediments. Two main sections follow in the first, an overview of surface sediments and sediment depth profiles is presented, and in the second, a case study is given of the historic record of Zn from saltmarsh sediments in the Severn Estuary, UK. 

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