Modeling water quality

The existing tools to carry out an IWRM may include hydraulic and hydrological models, water quality models as well as knowledge bases containing the necessary knowledge for the optimal management of water resources. Besides, these tools... 

Pelletier GJ, Chapra SC, Tao H (2006) QUAL2Kw - a framework for modelling water quality in streams and rivers using a genetic algorithm for calibration. Environ Modell Softw 21 419-425... 

Donigian, A.S., Jr., J.C. Imhoff and B.R. Bricknell. Modeling Water Quality and the Effects of Best Management Practices in Four Mile Creek, Iowa. Draft report on contract 68-03-2895, for U.S. EPA, Athens, GA. 1981. 

Unlii K. and Demirekler E. (2000) Modeling water quality impacts of petroleum contaminated soils in a reservoir catchment. Water Air Soil Pollut. 120(1-2), 169-193. 

This section provides a general overview of the properties of lake systems and presents tlie basic tools needed for modeling of lake water quality. The priiiciptil physical features of a lake are length, depth (i.e., water level), area (both of the water surface and of tire drainage area), and volume. The relationship betw een the flow of a lake or reserv oir and the volume is also an important characteristic. The ratio of the volume to the (volumetric) flow represents tlie hydraulic retention time (i.e., the time it would take to empty out the lake or reservoir if all inputs of water to the lake ceased). This retention time is given by the ratio of the water body volume and tire volumetric flow rate. 

Mechanistic Approaches. Adequate and appropriate river-quality assessment must provide predictive information on the possible consequences of water and land development. This requires an understanding of the relevant cause and effect relationships and suitable data to develop predictive models for basin management. This understanding may be achieved through qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative approaches. When quantitative or semi-quantitative methods are not available the qualitative approach must be applied. Qualitative assessments involve knowledge of how basin activities may affect river quality. This requires the use of various descriptive methods. An example of this kind of assessment is laboratory evaluation of the extent to which increases in plant nutrients, temperature or flow may lead to accelerated eutrophication with consequent reduction of water quality. 

California [20]. It is used to improve the coordination among the different institutions that are directly benefited from the water resources of the fluvial system. Vandenberghe et al. [21] presents a tool based on complex models for the description of river water quality. 

Chen et al. [24] provide a good review of Al techniques used for modeling environmental systems. Pongracz et al. [25] presents the application of a fuzzy-rule based modeling technique to predict regional drought. Artificial neural networks model have been applied for mountainous water-resources management in Cyprus [26] and to forecast raw-water quality parameters for the North Saskatchewan River [27]. 

Matthies M, Berlekamp J, Lautenbach S, Graf N, Relmer S (2006) System analysis of water quality management for the Elbe river basin. Environ Modell Softw 21 1309-1318... 

Argent RM, Perraud J-M, Rahman JM, Grayson RB, Podger GM (2009) A new approach to water quality modelling and environmental decision support systems. Environ Modell Softw 24 809-818... 

Zhang Q, Stanley SJ (1997) Eorecasting raw-water quality parameters for the North Saskatchewan River by neural network modelling. Water Res 31 2340-2350... 

Regulatory status In 1998, Lopez Canyon Sanitary Landfill received conditional approval for an ET cover, which required a minimum of 2 years of field performance data to validate the model used for the design. An analysis was conducted and provided the basis for final regulatory approval of the ET cover. The cover was fully approved in October 2002 by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board—Los Angeles Region. 

WASP/TOXIWASP/WASTOX. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP, 3)is a generalized finite-difference code designed to accept user-specified kinetic models as subroutines. It can be applied to one, two, and three-dimensional descriptions of water bodies, and process models can be structured to include linear and non-linear kinetics. Two versions of WASP designed specifically for synthetic organic chemicals exist at this time. TOXIWASP (54) was developed at the Athens Environmental Research Laboratory of U.S. E.P.A. WASTOX (55) was developed at HydroQual, with participation from the group responsible for WASP. Both codes include process models for hydrolysis, biolysis, oxidations, volatilization, and photolysis. Both treat sorption/desorption as local equilibria. These codes allow the user to specify either constant or time-variable transport and reaction processes. 

Perez, A.I. et al. (1974). A water quality model for a conjunctive surface, groundwater system. Office of Water Research and Technology. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 

Tucker, W.A., Eschenroeder, A.Q., and Magil, G.C., "Air Land Water Analysis System (ALWAS) A Multimedia Model for Assessing the Effect of Airborne Toxic Substances on Surface Water Quality," Arthur D, Little, Inc. report to EPA, Contract G8-03-2898, 1981 (in preparation soon to be available from NTIS or from W.A. Tucker in abbreviated form as "The Air, Land, Water Analysis System (ALWAS) ... 

The HSP Quality Model (4). It simulates a comprehensive set of water quality processes in streams and lakes, but not pesticides and toxic substances. 

Young, G.K. Alward, C.L., Calibration and Testing of Pesticide Transport Models. Presented at Iowa State University Conference on Ag. Management and Water Quality. 1981. 

Meranger, J.C., Gladwell, D.R., Lett, R.E. 1986. Application of a conceptual model to assessing the impact of acid rain on drinking water quality. WHO Water Quality Bulletin, 11, 179-186. 

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