Basicity overview

Almost all products of modern pharmaceutical biotechnology, be they on the market or likely to gain approval in the short to intermediate term, are protein based. As such, an understanding of protein structure is central to this topic. A comprehensive treatment of the subject would easily constitute a book on its own, and many such publications are available. The aim of this chapter is to provide a basic overview of the subject in order to equip the reader with a knowledge of protein science sufficient to understand relevant concepts outlined in the remaining chapters of this book. The interested reader is also referred to the Further reading section, which lists several excellent specialist publications in the field. Much additional information may also be sourced via the web sites mentioned within the chapter. 

Figure 3.12 A basic overview of the DNA cloning process. Refer to text for specific details...

There are numerous reviews of chemometric tools, from the basic overview [ 159] to comprehensive literature reviews [160]. 

This chapter will give a basic overview of pharmacokinetics and development. The review should allow clinicians to better understand drug disposition issues so as to inform their ordering and interpretation of TDM, as well as help them to understand or design and interpret clinical drug trials. 

In this basic overview of the thermodynamic of fluid mixtures at high-pressure emphasis is given to the behaviour of binary mixtures in order to introduce the reader to the wide variety of phase transitions, which are not observed for pure fluids. As the number of component increases the phase behaviour is mainly determined by interactions between unlike molecules at the expenses of interactions between similar molecules, but fortunately, in most cases, it is only necessary to consider pair interactions and not three or more body interactions. References are given for a more detailed study of the different aspect considered. 

The pH can be measured instrumentally using a pH meter, a potentiometer, and an ion-selective electrode. The pH meter should be calibrated using buffers obtained from commercial sources. All pH meters come with model-specific instructions for calibration. The following protocol gives a basic overview of the calibration procedure and subsequent measurement for all pH meters. Review the instructions of the specific model in your laboratory to insure proper calibration. 

A Basic Overview of Fuel Cell Technology. Collecting the History of Fuel Cells A Smithsonian Research Project. Smithsonian Institution. Available online. URL http //americanhistory.si.edu/ fuelcells/basics.htm. Accessed Dec. 17, 2006. 

The goal of this chapter is to understand the behavior of ionic liquids as solvents and their influence on reaction based on their chemical structure and microscopic environment. We will therefore provide only a basic overview of their macroscopic physical properties. An online database, compiled by a research team operating under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC), is now available detailing the physical properties of many known IL species [52],... 

The previous section provided a solid foundation in the content of psychopharmacology and a basic overview of how medications work to expand our readers understanding of the range of medication options for a variety of presenting problems and populations. 

Basic overview of key principles underlying major bioanalytical... 

Utilize specialized instrumentation, which is based on simple chemical or physical principles. The following chapters consider arguably the most important of these techniques to the life and health scientist, but Table 2.1 gives a basic overview of the key principles underlying major bioanalytical methods. 

Table 7.1 Basic overview of fundamental chromatography techniques...

Various types of chromatography are based on different modes of separation. Figure 7.1 gives a basic overview of the principles and mechanisms underlying the most commonly encountered modes of separation. 

Consequently, this chapter gives a brief, basic overview of important aspects of the biology and biochemistry of NPAAs and reviews some recently published studies concerning more detailed examination of the origin of these compounds. 

The above discussion provides a basic overview of some of the methods important in modern NMR spectroscopy. Before examining specific applications in drug discovery it is useful to describe the instrumental requirements for such studies. 

The immune system is a complex body system whose various functions display a high level of inter-regulation. As such, any attempt to describe the functioning of the immune system within a single chapter will inevitably represent an oversimplification. However, the authors consider this chapter to be a comprehensive, but nevertheless basic, overview of the immune system that will serve as a sound foundation for further reading on the clinical immunological basis of disease or for the consultation of more specialized texts on immunological function. 

The information provided in this chapter is meant to serve only as a basic overview to therapeutic proteins. There are many agents that have been developed that cannot be described using the basic concepts described here. Evaluation of these agents is always a learning process ... 

One of the most widely utilized methods for assessment of synthetic peptides is analytical HPLC. HPLC offers substantially higher resolution and faster separations than classical liquid chromatography. Presented here is a basic overview of HPLC as applied to analysis of synthetic peptides. There are a number of superb reviews on the subject that provide more detailed information on the theory and practice of HPLC [1-3]. 

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