Manufacturing construction material

Finkelstein MM. 1989. Mortality among employees of an Ontario factory that manufactured construction materials using chrysotile asbestos and coal tar pitch. Am J Ind Med 16 281-287. 

A number of studies have been carried out to assess the feasibility of manufacturing constructional materials from rubbish to avoid landhll disposal. An example of these is the neutralysis process, which combines pulverized MSW with clay to form pellets, which are calcined to produce a light aggregate material. In addition, several reports are available on the use of the ash of incinerated MSW as a concrete aggregate. 

Processes for manufacturing construction materials producing directly usable materials from fly ash and reaction products. These processes are only used if actual reuse is taking place. 

The pump specified identifies the design data, key portions of the construction materials and driver data as required informadon for the pump manufacturer. If the pump is to be inquiried to several manufacturers this is all that is necessary. The individual manufacturers will identity their particular pump selection and details of construction materials and driver data. From this informadon a pump can be selected with performance, materials of construction, and driver requirements specified. 

The construction materials for the plates include most corrosion-resistant metals, usually 304SS, 316SS, titanium, Incoloy 825 , Hastelloy , and others, plus nonmetallic fused graphite, and fluoroplastic Diabon F . Typical gaskets between the plates include nitrile rubber, butyl, and EPDM elastromers, Hypalon and Viton , based on the various manufacturers literature. 

All aspects of the material s chemical, mechanical and physical properties which are included in the specification should be capable of measurement and certification. For critical duties all material supplied should be fully tested and certified by competent approved, independent test laboratories. All items of plant should be purchased with material certification. Additional certification is required in cases where the fabricator, in manufacturing an item of plant, used techniques such as welding or heat treatment which may affect the corrosion behavior of the construction materials. 

Wood is one of the oldest constructional materials. Historically it was important in world exploration and trade, and the defence of that trade, in the provision of merchant ships and navies. It was also important in the early days of railway engineering and in building construction. Although in many applications wood has been replaced by other materials, this renewable resource now supports the growing industries of manufactured wood products. Prominent amongst these are the panel materials chipboard, flake-board, strandboard, plywood and blockboard, hardboard and softboard, wood-cement products and the products of the very large pulp and paper industries. 

Improvements in process and quality control made significant contributions to the transition from iron to steel as the major ferrous construction material over a century and a half ago. For most of that time red lead was relied upon, and not without a remarkable degree of success, as the rust-inhibitive pigment in anti-corrosive paints. In the last twenty years, however, there has been a similar dramatic change from such simple paints as red lead to synthetic polymer coatings which have as complex a technology as steel manufacture itself. 

From a practical review, perhaps it can be stated that buildings and construction materials are exposed to the most severe environments on earth, particularity when the long time factor is included. The environments include such conditions as temperature, ultraviolet, wind, snow, corrosion, hail, wear and tear, etc. Basically the following inherent potentials continue to be realized in different plastics ease of maintenance, light weight, flexibility of component design, combine with other materials, corrosion/abrasion/weather resistance, variety of colors and decorative appearance, multiplicity of form, ease of fabrication by mass production techniques, and total cost advantages (combinations of base materials, manufacture and installation). 

The wide variety of formulations and manufacturing processes available allows the designer to achieve the lowest possible cost for a product, often the lowest cost of any available construction material. 

Even though silicon is extremely abundant, only one silicon-containing compound appears in the list of top 50 industrial chemicals. That is sodium silicate, Na2 Si03, used for the manufacture of silica gel and glass. Nevertheless, with the advent of the electronic age silicon has become an extremely important substance that is the primary ingredient of most semiconductors. Because these are microscale devices, the quantity of production of silicon remains small compared with that of fertilizers and construction materials. Although relatively small in quantity, the value of silicon products is quite high. 

To assess the well construction materials compatibility versus the subsurface environment and the pesticide of interest, manufacturers can provide data about the various well construction materials or samples can be acquired for laboratory analysis. Also, QC samples of each material can be collected during installation and preserved for laboratory analysis for potential sample bias, if necessary. In addition to well construction materials, the potable water used to clean drilling equipment and to prepare the grout and hydrate bentonite should also be collected for laboratory analysis (see Section 3.2.6). 

Type [manufacturer Active material e[ construction peak [nm] >70% [nm] Speak [mA/W] Visible blindness Speak/S400 nm Active area [mm2] Price indication ... 

Uses. In construction materials manufacture of steel, aluminum, and magnesium as a scrubbing agent to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from smokestacks manufacmre of glass, paper, and industrial chemicals in fungicides, insecticides, and lubricants... 

Calcium oxide is one of the most important industrial chemicals. It is used in the manufacture of building and construction materials, including bricks, mortar, stucco and plaster. It also is used as a flux in the manufacture of steel. 

Identification of the materials of construction (i.e., plastics, paper, metal, glass, elastomers, coatings, adhesives, and other such materials) should be identified by a specific product designation (code name and/or code number) and the source (name of the manufacturer) alternate materials of construction should be indicated postconsumer recycled plastic should not be used in the manufacture of a primary packaging component, and if it is used for a secondary or associated component, then the safety and compatibility of the material for its intended use should be addressed appropriately... 

Another example of an important construction material in the Middle East is portland cement. For example, all-purpose Type I and sulfate-resisting Type V portland cements are manufactured in Saudi Arabia in three plants at Hofuf, Jeddah, and Riyadh. The cement production from the three plants totaled 1,790,000 tons in 1978 which is about a 38.5 percent rise over 1977. Portland cement is a basic construction material, and is primarily consumed by the construction industry. In Saudi Arabia cement does not seem to be encountering competition from any other building materials which are capable of endangering its present level of demand. 

Screening tests were conducted on potential construction materials. The candidate materials evaluated included the following polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, TFE), fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy-alkanes (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (E-CTFE), poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These materials were chosen based on cost, availability, and information from manufacturers on compatibility with acid solutions. 

The natural fibers obtained from cotton, wood, flax, hemp, and jute all are cellulose fibers and serve as raw materials for the textile and paper industries. In addition to its use as a natural fiber and in those industries that depend on wood as a construction material, cellulose is used to make cellulose acetate (for making rayon acetate yarn, photographic film, and cellulose acetate butyrate plastics), nitric acid esters (gun cotton and celluloid7), and cellulose xanthate (for making viscose rayon fibers). The process by which viscose rayon is manufactured involves converting wood pulp or cotton Iinters into cellulose xanthate by reaction with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide ... 

---