Management policies

It is important to realise that knowledge of depositional processes and features in a given reservoir will be vital for the correct siting of the optimum number of appraisal and development wells, the sizing of facilities and the definition of a reservoir management policy. 

Review Policy The review policy should estabhsh when project safety reviews should be done. All capital projects, large or small, should have one or more safety reviews during the course of the project. The number and types of review shoiild be stated in a management policy. Any reasons for exceptions to the policy should oe documented as well. The policy should address not only projects internal to a company, but also any joint ventures or turnkey projects by outside firms. 

Purchasing may be critical to quality, cost efficiency and safety of the service provided. Therefore evidence should be given that there is a written management policy or directive establishing quality criteria. 

The systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices to the tasks of analyzing, assessing, and controlling risk in order to protect employees, the general public, and the environment, as well as company assets, while avoiding business interruptions... 

The management policy for inclusion of safety, health and environment. 

Accident defenses may be regarded as a series of barriers (engineered safety systems, safety procedures, emergency training, etc.). As barriers fail, incipient failures become real. Inappropriate management policies create inadequate PIFs, which give rise to opportunities foi ermr when initiated by local triggers or unusual conditions. 

The last area addressed by the systems approach is concerned with global issues involving the influence of organizational factors on human error. The major issues in this area are discussed in Chapter 2, Section 7. The two major perspectives that need to be considered as part of an error reduction program are the creation of an appropriate safety culture and the inclusion of human error reduction within safety management policies. 

The other category of latent failures can occur at the level of engineering design or management policy. For example, the design of a scrubbing system... 

Management policies are the source of many of the preconditions that give rise to systems failures. For example, if no explicit policy exists or if resources are not made available for safety critical areas such as procedures design, the effective presentation of process information, or for ensuring that effective communication systems exist, then human error leading to an accident is, at some stage, inevitable. Such policy failures can be regarded as another form of latent human error, and will be discussed in more detail in Section 2.7. 

Latent Human Error/Failure (management level) A management level human error is an inadequate or nonexistent management policy which creates the preconditions for active or latent human, hardware, or software failures. 

Sociotechnical approach (control of error through changes in management policy and culture) Occupational/process safety Effects of organizational factors on safety Policy aspects Culture Interviews Surveys Organizational redesign Total Quality Management More frequent in recent years... 

The sociotechnical systems perspective is essentially top-down, in that it addresses the question of how the implications of management policies at all levels in the organization will affect the likelihood of errors with significant consequences. The sociotechnical systems perspective is therefore concerned with the implications of management and policy on system safety, quality, and productivity. 

Identify management policy level cause of deficiencies... 

Management policies have an all pervasive effect on the activities of individuals at every level in the organization. The safety-related factors at the management level which have been considered in the organizational systems perspective in Chapter 2, will be summarized here to complete the general classification scheme of PIFs. 

The basic premise of the SLIM technique is that the probability of error associated with a task, subtask, task step, or individual error is a function of the PIFs in the situation. As indicated in Chapter 3, an extremely large number of PIFs could potentially impact on the likelihood of error. Normally the PIFs that are considered in SLIM analyses are the direct influences on error such as levels of training, quality of procedures, distraction level, degree of feedback from the task, level of motivation, etc. However, in principle, there is no reason why higher level influences such as management policies should not also be incorporated in SLIM analyses. 

With regard to evaluating these factors, it is recommended that structured checklists be used, such as those provided by the HFAM method described in Chapter 2. These checklists provide an explicit link between the direct causal factors and management policies. Figure 2.12 shows how these checklists could be used to investigate possible procedures deficiencies, and the policies that led to the deficiencies, as part of the incident investigation. Similar checklists can be used to investigate possible culture problems (e.g., inappropriate trade-offs between safety and production) that could have been implicated in an accident. 

The general approach that has been advocated in this chapter is that it is the responsibility of an organization, through its safety management policies, to create the systems, environment, and culture that will minimize human error and thereby maximize safety. 

Traditional Safety Engineering A safety management policy that emphasizes individual responsibility for system safety and the control of error by the use of motivational campaigns and punishment. 

Wachs, M. (1991). Transportation Demand Management Policy Implications of Recent Behavioral Research. Journal of Planning Literature 5(4)333-341. 

Rizzoli A, Castelletti A, Rigo D (2007) Neuro-dynamic programming for designing water reservoir network management policies. Control Eng Pract 15 1031-1038... 

Norris, P. E. and Batie, S. S. (2000). Setting the animal waste management policy in context. USDA Agricultural Outlook Forum, Washington, D.C. 

N. Beccherr and A. Rappaport, Hazardous Waste Management Policies Overseas, Chem. Eng. Prog., p. 30, May 1990. 

The Clinton Administration believes that the overriding goal of the Federal Government s high-level radioactive waste management policy should be the establishment of a permanent geologic repository - essential not only for the disposal of commercial spent fuel, but also for... 

Center for Strategic and International Studies, Global Nuclear Materials Management Policy Forum, July 1999, Sam Nunn, Chair. 

Solid wastes constitute an important and emerging environmental problem at a global scale. A recent study from Bakare et al. suggests that the production of solid wastes varies from 0.5 to 4.5 kg per person per day in different regions of the world [6]. It is therefore clear that proper management of the waste problem must be nowadays at the center of the management policies of each nation in order to reduce the local and the global impact. 

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