Occupation processes

Human Factors Engineering/Ergonomics approach (control of error by design, audit, and feedback of operational experience) Occupational/process safety Manual/control operations Routine operation Task analysis Job design Workplace design Interface design Physical environment evaluation Workload analysis Infrequent... 

Sociotechnical approach (control of error through changes in management policy and culture) Occupational/process safety Effects of organizational factors on safety Policy aspects Culture Interviews Surveys Organizational redesign Total Quality Management More frequent in recent years... 

Human occupants, electrical/electronic equipment and process plant all emit varying quantities of sensible and latent heat. Equally, these various elements require (or can tolerate) differing environmental conditions. Depending on these operational constraints, the need may well exist to provide natural (or powered) ventilation to maintain environmental conditions (temperature and/or humidity) consistent with the occupational/process requirements. 

Medium-to small-scale processing operations handling flammables or combustibles are often housed inside of fully enclosed buildings. In many cases, the buildings may be of relatively conventional construction unlike the special occupancy process structures specifically designed for larger scale processing facility operations. 

In LCl, main attention is given to the insight that surface of land is a limited resource. In this sense, land use is included in LCl in the same way as other limited resources, that is, as an input elementary flow. This is the so-called concept of occupancy, where the total area or the area for a certain use (e.g., farm-land or forest) is reported in hectare or some other square measure. The use of land specified in this way is termed as occupation process. As an additional information which reflects specifically the competition for available area of land, time of occupation is reported, that is, area of exclusive land use for a given period of time [8]. The latter is termed as occupation interventions and is measured in surface-time units (e.g., hectare per year), representing a certain area of land of a given type used over a certain time period (e.g., occupation of 1 ha for farming of com for 1 year) (19). 

Within the above-mentioned concept of occupancy, no information is provided as to what happened to an area of land before or after it was occupied for a specific use. This question is addressed by the concept of transformation. Lindeijer gives the definition that a tran ormation process implies the change of a land area from one occupation process to a neiv type of occupation process (e.g., forest to plantation) [20]. In LCl, information on transformation of land (transformation intervention) is specified in surface units being transferred from one occupation to the other (e.g., 1 ha of forest converted into road) [19]. 

Although a Safety Case can and should cover aU aspects of safety (occupational, process, and technical, as described in Chapter 1) the focus tends to be on identifying and avoiding what are known as Major Accident Events (MAE), i.e., catastrophic events such as fires, explosions, and the release of toxic chemicals. Associated with Major Accident Events are Safety Critical Elements and Performance Standards. 

Personal and social identities are inevitably intertwined. For example, Leidner (2006) asserts participation in an occupational culture frequently involves an explicit reframing of self-identity as well as development of a new collective identity (p. 436). She makes the point that in well-defined occupations, processes of initiation are explicitly intended to transform the identity of newcomers ... 

This chapter provides an overview of safety management in the offshore oil and gas industry. Trends within the industry are discussed, along with an assessment of the impact of the recent Deepwater Horizon incident. A description of the different types of safety—occupational, process, and technical—is provided, along with a description of Safety Management Systems. An overview of regulations and special safety issues to do with offshore operations is provided. 

In practice, each CSF is a Slater determinant of molecular orbitals, which are divided into three types inactive (doubly occupied), virtual (unoccupied), and active (variable occupancy). The active orbitals are used to build up the various CSFs, and so introduce flexibility into the wave function by including configurations that can describe different situations. Approximate electronic-state wave functions are then provided by the eigenfunctions of the electronic Flamiltonian in the CSF basis. This contrasts to standard FIF theory in which only a single determinant is used, without active orbitals. The use of CSFs, gives the MCSCF wave function a structure that can be interpreted using chemical pictures of electronic configurations [229]. An interpretation in terms of valence bond sti uctures has also been developed, which is very useful for description of a chemical process (see the appendix in [230] and references cited therein). 

For chemical faciUties in the United States, hazard analysis is not an option if inventories of hazardous chemicals are maintained in amounts greater than the threshold quantities specified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation 1910.119. Many faciUties are finding that hazard analysis has many benefits. The process or procedure often works better, the quaUty of the product is improved, the process experiences less down time, and the employees feel more comfortable in the work environment after a hazard analysis has been completed. 

Evaluations of occupational exposure to physical agents such as noise, radiation or heat, biological agents, and multiple chemical agents are similar to the process for single chemical substances but have some key differences. 

Workers in the metals treatment industry are exposed to fumes, dusts, and mists containing metals and metal compounds, as well as to various chemicals from sources such as grinding wheels and lubricants. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Historically, metal toxicology was concerned with overt effects such as abdominal coHc from lead toxicity. Because of the occupational health and safety standards of the 1990s such effects are rare. Subtie, chronic, or long-term effects of metals treatment exposure are under study. An index to safety precautions for various metal treatment processes is available (6). As additional information is gained, standards are adjusted. 

Health and Safety. Petroleum and oxygenate formulas are either flammable or combustible. Flammables must be used in facUities that meet requirements for ha2ardous locations. Soak tanks and other equipment used in the removing process must meet Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for use with flammable Hquids. Adequate ventilation that meets the exposure level for the major ingredient must be attained. The work environment can be monitored by active air sampling and analysis of charcoal tubes. 

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Tide 29, Subtitie B, Chapt. XVII, Part 1910, Subpart H, Paragraph 119, of the Code ofFederal Regulations (29 CER 1910.119), FederalRegisterhl >()) 6403, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Feb. 24, 1992). 

The book does not focus on occupational safety and health issues, although improved process safety can benefit these areas. Detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of this work. This book intends to identify issues and concerns in batch reaction systems and provide potential solutions to address these concerns. This should be of value to process design engineers, operators, maintenance personnel, as well as members of process hazards analysis teams. While this book offers potential solutions to specific issues/concerns, ultimately the user needs to make the case for the solutions that provide a balance between risk... 

The air inside a factory building can be polluted by release of contaminants from industrial processes to the air of the workroom. This is a major cause of occupational disease. Prevention and control of such contamination are part of the practice of industrial hygiene. To prevent exposure of workers to such contamination, industrial hygienists use industrial ventilation systems that remove the contaminated air from the workroom and discharge it, either with or without treatment to remove the contaminants, to the ambient air outside the factory building. 

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