Behavioral research

Wachs, M. (1991). Transportation Demand Management Policy Implications of Recent Behavioral Research. Journal of Planning Literature 5(4)333-341. 

Myers GJ, Davidson PW. 1998. Prenatal methylmercury exposure and children neurologic, developmental, and behavioral research. Environ Health Perspect 106(Suppl 3) 841-847. 

As a consequence of the unanticipated epidemic of phencyclidine (PCP) abuse in the late 1960s and early 1970s, biomedical and behavioral research on this drug expanded by the late 1970s (Balster and Pross 1978). Partly because of the improved public health response resulting from this research activity, the PCP epidemic has been stopped. The major credit for this rapid growth of PCP research should go to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, NI DA... 

Among the more important series of discoveries in behavioral research with PCP are the reports that drugs chemically distinct from PCP also have PCP-like discriminative stimulus effects. 

Balster, R.L., and Pross, R.S. Phencyclidine A bibliography of biomedical and behavioral research. J. Psvched Drugs 10 1-15, 1978. 

Golden, R. R. (1982). A taxometric model for the detection of a conjectured latent taxon. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17,389—416. 

However, reinforcement does not necessarily happen all the time or even regularly. For example, even though many of us work every day, we do not necessarily get paid at the end of that day for what we did. And in some instances reinforcement is unpredictable, like when you receive an unexpected phone call that is rewarding to you from a close friend. When reinforcement doesn t occur in a predictable way, it is referred to as being on a variable or intermittent (random or unpredictable) schedule (or pattern). Behavioral researchers have found that a variable reinforcement schedule produces behavior patterns that are much more difficult to change than behavior patterns reinforced regularly. 

Research into behavior change suggests that clients benefit from tapering the frequency of psychotherapy sessions before termination or discharge. Behavioral research has found that new learning can benefit from spacing out sessions more... 

Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Cooley, M. R. (1993). Assessing reliable and clinical significant change in social phobia Validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Behavior Research and Therapy, 31, 331-337. 

National Research Council (NRC). (1998). Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 

I am grateful to Dr. Peter Schmidt for his help in obtaining references relevant to human behavioral endocrinology, and to Dr. Stephen Porges for suggestions regarding mechanisms through which the autonomic nervous system can influence behavior. Research from my laboratory described here was sponsored by NIH, NIMH and NSF. 

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC, April 18, 1979. 

Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd, EPN 4048, MSC 7337, Bethesda, MD 20892-7337, USA djordjev mail.nih,gov... 

US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Online. Available HTTP (accessed 2 April 2003). The NIAAA supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. ... 

The behavior of tacl mice was also analyzed in several animal models of anxiety. The open-field test is a widely used tool for behavioral research, but less specific for the evaluation of the anxiety state of the animal, because it is a summation of the spontaneous motor and the exploratory activities, and only the latter is influenced by the anxiety level (Choleris et al. 2001). Under aversive environmental conditions (high level of illumination) the animals activity is strongly affected by the emotional state, while less aversive situations (familiar, dimly lit environment) are useful to assess the general motor activity of mice. Because rodents avoid open areas, the activity of mice in the central part of the open-field arena is inversely correlated to the anxiety level. Tad mice spent only 6.5% of their total activity in the central part, which represented 11% of the total field, indicating that they avoided this aversive area, hi contrast, tacl mice spent 13.6% of their activity in the central area (Bilkei-Gorzo et al. 2002). The increased central activity of the tad mice indicates that the test situation was anxiogenic for tad animals, but less so for the knockout mice. 

Bentley J (to be published 1994) Survey of dental services rendered, ADA Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research... 

Our goal in this chapter has been to outline some simple models of the relationship between self-control problems and addictive behavior. Researchers who use mathematical models to study human choice— mostly economists—traditionally approach intertemporal choice problems by assuming time consistency. By focusing on self-control problems, therefore, we depart from this traditional approach. We conclude by discussing some of the advantages of our self-control model of addiction relative to rational choice models of addiction. 

This model fits the self-reports of addicts and the common experience of people trying to give up bad habits generally. The model is certainly time-honored. However, close examination suggests that the dichotomies it rests on are only casual rules of thumb, which people use to decide how difficult certain experiences will be to control, rather than basic distinctions. I argue that modem behavioral research and simple logic demote this model from the explanatory to the merely descriptive. Let us look at the tenets of two-factor theory one by one ... 

Marlatt, G. (1978) Craving for alcohol, loss of control and relapse a cognitive-behavioral analysis, in Nathen, P. etal. (eds.), Alcoholism New Directions in Behavioral Research and Treatment, New York Plenum. 

Predator-mediated stabilizing selection on sexual signals has long been a major theme of animal behavior research (Endler, 1987 Ryan, 1990 Zuk et al., 1998),... 

Swazey, J. P. and L. Glantz. 1982. A Social Perspective on Compensation for Injured Research Subjects. In President s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Compensating for Research Injuries 2 3-18. 

Its intrinsic worth proved, however, to be its very limitation. It was quickly apparent that the principal value, to behavioral researchers, of the reports of new hallucinogenic drugs, was not in the nature of their action but in the amount of stuff needed to produce that action. This was an essential axis against which the animal pharmacologist could plot his findings. A number was wanted, and the mescaline unit was just that number. Sadly, the major question that is asked by most academic researchers in their evaluation of the psychedelic materials is, How much does it take, rather than What does it do. The marvelous nuances of action, the subtle variations of effect, are dismissed as being hopelessly subjective and thus without scientific worth. But they are, I believe, of great worth. That is exactly what this book is all about. 

Rosenthal, R. Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research. New York Appleton, 1966. 

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